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Biology > 2.6 Cell Division > Flashcards

2.6 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1- First growth stage
S- Synthesis phase
G2- Second growth stage

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3
Q

What are the features of G1?

A
  • Cellular contents apart from the chromosomes are duplicated
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4
Q

What are the features of S phase?

A

Each of the chromosomes is duplicated

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5
Q

What are the features of G2?

A
  • Duplicated chromosomes checked for errors
  • Any errors are repaired or replaced
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6
Q

What are the overall features of interphase?

A
  • DNA is replicated and checked for errors
  • Protein synthesis
  • Mitochondria and chloroplast grow and divide
  • Normal metabolic functions occur
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7
Q

What is G0?

A
  • Where a cell moves out of the cell cycle
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8
Q

Why do cells enter G0?

A
  • Differentiation- cell becomes specialised so can no longer divide
  • DNA has become damaged- Division may no longer be viable
  • Age of organism- Leads to more resting cells which links to age related diseases
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9
Q

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Control the mechanisms of the cell and verify if the processes have been conducted in correctly.

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10
Q

What is vital so that identical daughter cells are produced?

A
  • DNA is replicated correctly
  • Chromosomes are in correct position for mitosis
  • Cell grows to correct size before it divides
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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Formation of two genetically identical daughter cells from an original cell
How organisms grow

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12
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point the chromatids are connected to in a chromosome

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14
Q

What is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome

A

A chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome whereas a chromosome consists of DNA wrapped around proteins.

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15
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes: Coil up,shorten, thicken and take up stain more
  • Centriole divides
    -Nucleolus becomes less obvious then shrinks and disappears
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • CROSSING OVER DOES NOT HAPPEN IN MITOSIS
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16
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Each centrioles is at a pole and produces spindle fibres
  • Each centromere is attached to a pole
  • Chromosomes are pulled to the equator
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17
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract
  • Centromere divides
  • Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
  • Each half of the cell receives one chromatid
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18
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach the poles
  • Begin to uncoil and become less distinct
  • Nuclear envelope starts to reform
  • Chromatids now chromosomes again
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19
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in Mitosis?

A
  • Cell divides
  • Genetically identical daughter cells
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20
Q

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

Pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same location

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21
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Chromatids joined by a centromere

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22
Q

What happens in Prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Spindle fibres begin to form
Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad
Crossing over occurs

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23
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Where homologous chromosomes align and cross over at the chiasmata where genetic information is swapped

24
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1?

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the equator
  • Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres
  • Independent assortment occur
25
Q

What is Independent assortment?

A
  • Maternal and paternal chromosomes can be on either side of the equator
  • Tetrad position is independent of all chromosomes
26
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibres,one pair to each pole
    -They are not pulled apart (still consist of 2 chromatid)
  • Causes genetic variation
27
Q

What is Telophase 1?

A
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Cell undergoes cytokinesis
  • Each cell contains half the original number of chromosomes - Consists of 2 chromatids
28
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

-Beginning of second division
- Chromosomes recondense
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
- Spindle fibres reform

29
Q

What happens in Metaphase 2?

A

Chromosomes are lined up on the equator by the spindle fibres
Independent assortment happens agan

30
Q

What happens in Anaphase 2?

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • Chromatids are split apart by spindle fibres
  • Chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells- Chromatids are randomly segregated
31
Q

What happens in Telophase 2?

A
  • Chromatids uncoil
  • Nuclear envelopes reform
  • Cell undergoes cytokinesis
32
Q

How does meiosis cause genetic variation?

A
  1. During prophase 1 crossing over occurs
  2. During metaphase 1 independent assortment leads to a random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes
  3. During metaphase 2 independent assortment happens again
  4. Random fusion of gametes at fertilisation
33
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

A collection of differentiated cells that have specialised functions

34
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A collection of tissues adapted for a particular function

35
Q

What are the adaptations of Erythrocytes?

A
  • Flattened bi-concave shape to increase SA:V
  • No nucleus- increases space for haemoglobin
  • flexible to fit through capillaries
36
Q

What adaptations do Neutrophils have?

A
  • Multilobed nucleus to squeeze through small gaps
  • Granular cytoplasm with lots of lysosomes
37
Q

What adaptations do sperm cells have?

A
  • Flagellum makes them capable of movement
  • Many mitochondria for energy
  • Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to penetrate ovum
38
Q

What adaptations do palisade cells have?

A
  • Lots of chloroplasts
  • Thin cell wall increasing the rate of diffusion of CO2
  • Chloroplasts can move within cytoplasm
39
Q

What adaptations do root hair cells have?

A
  • Long extensions to increase surface area
40
Q

What adaptations does squamous epithelium have?

A
  • flat cells which make it up- only one cell thick
  • Allows for rapid diffusion
41
Q

What adaptations do ciliated epithelium have?

A
  • CIlia which beat in waves
  • Found in trachea and oviducts
  • Goblet cells which release mucus
42
Q

What are the adaptations of cartilage?

A
  • Found in ear,nose and end of bones
  • Contains elastin and collagen
43
Q

What are the features of epidermis?

A
  • Thin layer of cells
  • Usually covered by a waxy cuticle
  • Allow CO2,O and H20 ro diffuse into or out of the cell
44
Q

What are the features of xylem?

A
  • Type of vascular tissue
  • Composed of vessel elements which are elongated dead cells
  • Walls of cells are strengthened by lignin which provides structural support
45
Q

What are the features of phloem?

A
  • Type of vascular tissue
  • Transports a lot of sucrose
  • Composed of sieve tube cells seperated by sieve plates
46
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

47
Q

What problems can the division of stem cells cause?

A
  • Not enough division = Cells and tissues arent placed quickly enough
  • Too much division-= Tumours
48
Q

What does Stem cell potency mean?

A
  • The ability to differentiate into different cells
49
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

A stem cell can differentiate into any type of cell (Blastocyst)

50
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A
  • Can form all types of tissue but not all organisms (embryo)
51
Q

What does multipotent mean?

A

Stem cells can only form certain types of tissue (blood stem cells etc.)

52
Q

What is the benefit of being multicellular?

A
  • Can make use of resources more efficiently
53
Q

Why do red blood cells need to be produced regularly?

A
  • Short lifespan
54
Q

How are tissue stem cells recovered?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Umbilical cords
55
Q

Where are plant stem cells found?

A

Wherever growth occurs (usually tips)

56
Q

What are the main objections to using embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Results in destruction of embryos
  • Religious objectyions of interfering wiith life
  • Moral objections due to ‘murder’
57
Q

What are the issues of using stem cells from umbillical cords?

A
  • They are multipotent not pluripotent

Biology (26 decks)

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