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Biology > 5.2.2 Respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

Why is ATP used in respiration?

A
  • Small molecules
  • Solubble
  • Easily rephosphorylated
  • Immediate energy source
  • Released in small quantities
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3
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A
  • Addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
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4
Q

What type of reaction is phosphorylation?

A

Condensation-reaction which requires lots of energy

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose broken often into 2x3c Pyruvate
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7
Q

What happens in stage 1 phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is turned into Hexose bisphosphate
  • 2ATP become 2ADP + Pi
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8
Q

What happens in stage 2:lysis of glycolysis?

A
  • Hexose biphosphate becomes 2x Triose phosphate
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9
Q

What happens in stage 3: phosphorylation and stage 4: dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A
  • Pi is added forming Triose bisphosphate
  • 2 ADP + Pi -> 2ATP
  • NADox -> NADred
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10
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  • Synthesis of ATP by transfer of a phosphate group from another molecule
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11
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A
  • In the matrix of the mitochondria
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12
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • Space inside the mitochondrial membrane- Contains enzymes for Krebs cycle and link reaction
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13
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate enters mitochondria in exchange for OH-
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14
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per molecule of glucose?

A
  • 2x Acetyl COA
  • 2x NADred
    -2x CO2
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15
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • Pyruvate decarboxylase
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16
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A
  • Mitochondrial matrix
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17
Q

What occurs during the Krebs cycle?

A
  • Acetyl COA is oxidised to oxaloacetate,yielding CO2
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18
Q

Why does the Krebs cycle need to be in the presence of oxygen despite not needing it directly?

A
  • E- transport chain will not function
  • Hydrogen carriers cannot offload Hydrogen
  • Causes Kreb cycle to stop
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19
Q

What is the yield of the Krebs cycle per turn of the cycle?

A
  • 2 Molecules CO2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADred
  • 1 FAD red
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20
Q

Where is most of the energy stored in the Krebs cycle?

A

In Hydrogen carriers such as NADox

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21
Q

What does Acetyl COA first turn into in the Krebs cycle?

A

A 6C compound called citrate and CO2

22
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle cyclical?

A

Because the products feed into the reactants

23
Q

What type of molecule are NAD and FAD besides Hydrogen carriers?

A

Coenzymes

24
Q

What is the process of ADP + Pi -> ATP called?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation (NOT JUST PHOSPHORYLATION)

25
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membranes

26
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation require?

A
  • Oxygen
27
Q

What is the sequence of events in the Electron Transport Chain?

A
  1. NADred and FADred delivered to electron transport chain
  2. H atoms split into H+ and e-
  3. Energy released as e- pass along chain
  4. Energy used to create a proton gradient between mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space
28
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The diffusion of H+ ions from intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

Where does chemiosmosis occur in the electron transport chain?

A
  • Via ion channels associated with ATP synthase
30
Q

What is ATP synthase and why are its features good for the use in the electron transport chain?

A
  • Two subunits
  • Polypeptide with three binding sites- 1x to bring Pi,1x to bind Pi, 1x to release ATP
  • Contains proton pores for H+ to flow through
31
Q

How is water formed in relation to the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons and protons from the transport chain reacts with oxygen present to form H2O which creates an proton gradient so chemiosmosis can occur

32
Q

What is the overall yield of ATP from respiration?

A
  • 10 NADred = 30 ATP
  • 2 FADred= 4 ATP
  • 4 ATP from substrate level phosphorylation

Estimated yield= 38

33
Q

Why is the estimated yield of ATP higher than the actual yield?

A
  • Active transport into mitochondrial matrix of Pyruvate (uses ATP)
  • Movement of H+ does not use all of the energy as some is released as heat
  • NAD for active transport
  • H+ ions leak back through membrane into matrix
34
Q

Why does FAD carry less ATP than NAD?

A

FAD joins the electron transport chain later than NAD

35
Q

What properties of the mitochondrial inner membrane allow chemiosmosis to occur?

A
  • ATP Synthase so H= can flow through proton pores
  • Impermeable to H+ ions
  • Large surface area
36
Q

What are two quantative changes in the intermembrane space due to oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • Greater positive charge of space
  • Lower ph
37
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen

38
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The release of energy in the absence of oxygen
Glycolysis used to produce ATP

39
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in mammals?

A

IN muscle tissue

40
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration in muscles?

A

Triose phosphate is turned into Pyruvate via an intermediate compound which forms 2x ATP and 1x NADred
Pyruvate is then dehydrogenised by lactate dehydrogenase forming Lactate, releasing energy

41
Q

What occurs in anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A
  • Glycolysis occurs as usual
  • Pyruvate decarboxylated to ethanal
  • Ethanal acts as H acceptor forming ethanol
42
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

1x CO2
1x NADred which is oxidised again
2x ATP

43
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration of yeast?

A
  • Pyruvate decarboxylase
  • Ethanol dehydrogenase
44
Q

What are some alternative respiratory substrates rather than glucose?

A
  • Glycogen- Broken down into glucose
  • Triglycerides
  • Fatty acids
  • AMino acids
  • LActate
  • Ketone bodies
45
Q

What is the definition of respiratory substrates?

A
  • An organic substance that can be used for respiration
46
Q

What cells can only respire glucose?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Brain cells
47
Q

What occurs during starvation?

A
  • Proteins hydrolysed into amino acids then respired
  • Some amino acids converted into Pyruvate
  • ## SOme amino acids enter Krebs cycle directly
48
Q

How do proteins differ from glucose in terms of respiration?

A

More hydrogen atoms
- Releases slightly more energy

49
Q

How are triglycerides used in respiration?

A
  • Hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol
    Glycerol is then converted to glucose in the liver (glucoseneogenesis)
  • Fatty acids a=have long H chains so good source of ATP
50
Q

1

A

Biology (26 decks)

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