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Biology > 4.2.2 Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A

The organisation of living things into groups according to their similarities

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2
Q

What is the definition of a phylogenetic hierachy?

A

Organisms are placed into groups based on increasing similarities

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3
Q

What is the order of the phylogenetic hierachy?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What is meant by ‘phylum’?

A

All the groups in a phylum have the same body plan e.g. Invertebrates

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6
Q

What is meant by orders?

A

Smaller groups within different classes e.g. Carnivora in Mammals

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7
Q

What is a genus?

A

A group of closely related animals e.g. Canis (Canines)

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8
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

Where animals can breed successfully to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

What are the features of a protocista?

A
  • Predominantly unicellular
  • A nucleus as well as membrane bound organelles
  • Some have chloroplasts
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10
Q

What are the features of Plantae?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Have nuclei
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Autotrophic feeders
  • Store food as starch
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11
Q

What are the features of prokaryotae?

A
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
  • No visible feeding mechanism
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12
Q

What are the features of fungi (kingdom)?

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Nuclei and other membrane bound organelles
  • No chloroplasts or chlorophyll
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13
Q

What are the features of archaebacteria?

A
  • Extremophiles
  • Different RNA
  • Membranes are different
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14
Q

What are eubacteria?

A
  • Found in all environments (‘standard bacteria’)
  • Chemically different form archaea
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15
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  • To identify species
  • To predict characteristics
  • To find evolutionary links
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16
Q

What is the difference between fertile and viable offspring?

A
  • Viable means it survives fertile means it can produce offspring itself
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17
Q

What is the definition of phylogeny?

A

Name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms

18
Q

What does a node mean on a phylogenic tree?

A
  • Where species evolved apart from a common ancestor
  • The closer to the node a species the more closely related they are
19
Q

What is the definition of a common ancestor?

A
  • Species that all modern day species are descended from
20
Q

What are the two causes of variation?

A
  • genetics
  • environmental
21
Q

What is discrete variation?

A
  • Variation controlled by only a single gene (or very few)
  • Tend to be certain variants
  • e.g. blood group
22
Q

What is continuous variation?

A
  • Whenever there is a range of any value
  • Shows as a normal distribution pattern
  • Usually controlled by multiple genes and influenced by environment
23
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A

Alleles- Dominant and recessive from each parent
Mutations- Change in genetic code
- Meiosis- Mix of different alleles
Sexual reproduction- Inherit genes from both parents
Chance- Chance of each gamete fertilising

24
Q

What are the environmental causes variation?

A
  • Conditions- e.g. lack of nutrients can effect growth
  • Injury/disease can damage tissues
25
Q

What are the fossil records?

A
  • Fossilised evidence of different points in the evolutionary tree of extinct and living animals
26
Q

What are the problems with the fossil record?

A
  • Soft bodied organisms may decompose too quickly
  • Certain conditions are needed
  • May get destroyed by earths movements
  • May lie undiscovered
27
Q

What are the key points in the evolution of the theory of evolution?

A

Late 1700s came an interest in selective breeding
1798- Human populations always increase more quickly than the food supply
Early 1800’s- That fossils in older rocks are simpler than in newer rocks
George Cuvier produced fossil evidence for essentialism
1809 Lamarck- that species changed over time (a. Couldn’t give time frame and b. Thought changes occurred during life could be passed on)
1859 Darwin and Natural Selection
1900- Mendel and his peas

28
Q

How does comparative anatomy provide evidence for evolution?

A

Homology in structure show evolution from a common ancestor then adapted for survival

29
Q

How does evolutionary embryology provide evidence for evolution?

A

Embryos are all similar in early stages of fertilisation and some features are often lost.
Indicates all vertebrates developed that way

30
Q

How does comparative biochemistry provide evidence for evolution?

A

Able to study similarities and differences in proteins such as DNA to show evolutionary links

31
Q

What are neutral mutations?

A

Mutations that occur outside functional regions of DNA

32
Q

What is the definition of an adaptation?

A

A characteristic that enhances survival

33
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Where two species have evolved from a common ancestor

34
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two entirely separate species evolve to have the same features based on their surroundings

35
Q

What is the definition of standard deviation?

A

A measure of how spread out the data is

36
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution?

A
  • Mean,mode, median are the same
  • Bell shaped distribution
  • Symmetrical about the Mean
  • Numbers of individuals at extremes are low
37
Q

What does an rs value of +1 mean?

A

Perfect positive correlation

38
Q

What were Darwins observations?

A
  • Offspring are similar to parents
  • No two organisms are identical
  • Organisms can produce a large number of offspring’s
  • Populations remain stable
39
Q

What were Darwins conclusions?

A
  • Selection pressure- struggle to survive
  • Better adapted individuals survive better and pass on their genes
    -Over time a number of changes give rise to a new species
40
Q

What is the definition of selection pressure?

A

Factors that affects an organisms survival

Biology (26 decks)

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