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Biology > 4.1 Communicable Diseases Prevention And The Immune System > Flashcards

4.1 Communicable Diseases Prevention And The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Caused by one organism that infects another and is passed on organism to organism

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2
Q

What are bacteria, how does it infect and what causes illness?

A
  • Living pathogens
  • Prokaryotes
  • From infected to infected usually through infected droplets but also direct contact
  • Releases toxins
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3
Q

What are viruses,how do they infect and what causes illness?

A
  • None living
  • Enters cells through being inhaled or ingested
  • Infect cells by inserting RNA then produces proteins causing them to burst out of the cell
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4
Q

What are protists, how does it infect and what causes the illness?

A
  • Eukaryotic,living cells
  • Infects via vector but can also be directly transmitted
  • They take over a cell,digest insides then burst out
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5
Q

What are fungi,how do they infect and what causes illness?

A

-Non living eukaryotes
- Can be multicellular
- Produces spores
- Digest and destroy living cellss

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6
Q

What is direct transmission in plants?

A

Direct contact of healthy plant to diseased plant

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7
Q

What is indirect transmission of disease in plants?

A

Can occur through soil contamination or via vectors

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8
Q

What is soil contamination?

A

Infected plants can leave pathogens or reproductive spores in soil

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9
Q

What vectors are there for plant disease?

A

Wind- pathogens can be carried
Water- spores can be held by water tension in water
Animals- insects and birds carry pathogens from one plant to another as they feed
Humans- transmitted on tools and clothing

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10
Q

What factors affect transmission of plant disease?

A
  • More susceptible varieties
  • Overcrowding
  • Poor mineral nutrition reduces resistance
  • Damp warm conditions
  • Climate change
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11
Q

What is the name of the organism that causes ring rot?

A

Clavibacter Michiganessis Bacteria

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12
Q

How is ring rot transmitted?

A
  • Indirect
  • Remains in soil and contaminates it
  • Also infected seed tubers
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13
Q

What factors affect transmission of ring rot?

A
  • Unsanitised machinery
  • Insects
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14
Q

What is the name of the organism that causes TMV?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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15
Q

How is TMV transmitted?

A

In the air
Contact with infected plant
Indirect and direct transmission

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16
Q

What factors affect transmission of TMV?

A

Contaminated hands/ lack of sanitatiom

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17
Q

What organism causes potato blight?

A

Phytophtora Infestans Protocist

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18
Q

How is potato blight transmitted?

A
  • By hyphae penetrating host cells
  • Sporagia (hyphae) are dispersed by rain then the wind and spores are released
  • Indirect
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19
Q

What factors affect transmission of potato blight?

A
  • Wind
  • Wet weather increases transmission
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20
Q

What is the organism that causes black Sigatoka?

A

Mycosphorella fijiensis Fungi

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21
Q

How is black Sigatoka pathogen transmitted?

A
  • Airborne and in water
  • Hyphae penetrate and digest cells
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22
Q

What is a passive defence in plants?

A

Present before infection to prevent entry and spread of pathogen

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23
Q

Examples of passive plant defences?

A
  • Waxy cuticle- prevents water from collecting (reduces likelihood of pathogen lingering)
  • Bark- Contains chemical defences but also a physical barrier
  • Cellulose cell walls- Barrier + Lignin which are almost indigestable
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24
Q

What are active defences in plants?

A

Pathogens can be detected by chemicals on their cell wall the plant responds by fortifying its defences

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25
Q

What examples are there of active defences in plants?

A
  • Guard cell- Close stomata if pathogens are detected=barrier
  • Callose- Blocks sieve plate and flow in sieve tube to prevent pathogen travelling around plant
  • Tylose- Swelling that fits xylem to plug vessels and contains terpene chemicals which are toxic
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26
Q

What is necrosis?

A
  • Deliberate cell suicide which saves rest of plant
  • Means that pathogens access to water and nutrients is limited
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27
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

Destroy cell walls using enzymes

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28
Q

What do antifungal things do?

A

Chithases break down cell wall

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29
Q

What do antioomycytes do?

A

Breakdown glucans in cell wall

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30
Q

What bacteria causes Meningitis?

A

Streptococcus Pneumonae

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31
Q

How does meningitis affect the body?

A

Infects the meninges in the Brain which can cause septicaemia

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A
  • Blotchy rash
  • Fever
  • Aches
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33
Q

How is meningitis transmitted and what increases the risk of transmission?

A
  • Infected droplets which are then inhaled
  • Overcrowding,young people and lack of sanitation
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34
Q

How can spread of meningitis be controlled?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Vaccines
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35
Q

What causes HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  • Flu like symptoms
  • Aches
  • Fever
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37
Q

How is HIV transmitted and what increases risk factors?

A
  • Contact of bodily fluids
  • Unprotected sex, sharing needles
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38
Q

How can spread of HIV be reduced?

A
  • Contraception
  • Sex Education
  • Antiretroviral
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39
Q

What pathogen causes TB?

A
  • Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  • Bacteria
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40
Q

What does HIV do to the cells?

A
  • Targets T helper cells of the immune system destroying them
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41
Q

What does TB do to the body?

A
  • Damages and destroys lung tissue
  • Suppresses immune system
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42
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A
  • Coughing and sneezing
  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
43
Q

How does TB spread, what increases risk of transmission and how can it be reduced?

A
  • Infected droplets
  • Overcrowding,underserved groups (homeless)
  • Latent TB can be treated, curable with treatment
44
Q

What causes influenza?

A

Virus

45
Q

How does Flu affect the body?

A
  • Infects ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange system
46
Q

What are the symptoms of flu?

A
  • Coughing
  • Aches
  • Sneezing
47
Q

How is flu transmitted,what increases transmission and how can it be reduced?

A
  • Infected droplets
  • Lack of sanitation and Overcrowding
  • Personal hygiene,flu vaccine and PPE
48
Q

What causes athletes foot?

A

Fungus

49
Q

How does athletes foot affect the body?

A

Grows and digests warm skin between toes

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Athletes foot?

A
  • Itchy feet
  • Cracking and scaling on toes
51
Q

How is athletes foot transmitted,what increases the risk and how can spread be reduced?

A
  • Contact with fungus on floors
  • Damp shoes and socks and sharing shoes
  • Keep feet dry, wash feet and wear shower shoes
52
Q

What causes ringworm?

A

Fungus

53
Q

How does ringworm affect the body?

A

-Affects skin

54
Q

What are the symptoms of ringworm?

A
  • Round/oval red patches
  • Flaky skin
  • Itchy skin
55
Q

How is ringworm transmitted,what increases the risk and how can spread be reduced?

A
  • Contact with fungus via belongings
  • Damp conditions
  • Avoid sharing personal belongings, keep area clean and dry,antifungal medication
56
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Protist - Plasmodium

57
Q

How does malaria affect the body?

A
  • The blood where it inserts into cells and digests haemoglobin
58
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Inflammation
  • Liver damage
59
Q

What are the means of transmission,risk factors and how can spread of malaria be reduced?

A
  • Bites from infected mosquitoes
  • Young people,tropical regions
  • Insecticides,mosquito nets,window and door screens,anti malarial drugs
60
Q

What non specific barriers do animals have for pathogens?

A
  • Skin- Physical barrier + Sebum which inhibits pathogen growth
  • Skin flora- population of non pathogenic bacteria
  • Mucous membranes- traps pathogens
  • Lysozymes- In tears,urine and stomach acid which destroy pathogens
61
Q

What happens when skin is ruptured?

A
  • Clotting
62
Q

What are the stages of clotting?

A
  • Platelets rush to site and release Thromboplastin and Serotonin
  • Platekets along with blood cells attached dries out preventing pathogens entering
  • Epidermal cells grow beneath scab reinforced with collagen
63
Q

What are the characteristics of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Redness and swelling around injury site
64
Q

What is the order of events inside the body when a splinter enters?

A
  • Marker cells release histamines which dilate and increase permeability of capillaries endothelial wall
  • Neutrophils can then exit capillaries into tussle by cytokines drawing neutrophils to the walls.
65
Q

What is the expulsive reflex?

A
  • Pathogen laden bodily fluids are ejected
  • Vo,icing and diarrhoea
66
Q

What causes a fever?

A

Cytokines cause hypothalamus to reset so body temperature can rise higher than 37c

67
Q

Why are fevers effective at reducing pathogens?

A

Pathogen cannot reproduce as quickly and the specific immune system can move faster

68
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocyte attracted to pathogen due to chemicals produced by pathogens
  2. Phagocyte will then recognise antigen on pathogen and bind to it
  3. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen putting it in special vacuole called a phagosome
    4.Phagosome combines with lysosome forming phagolysosome
  4. phagolysosome uses enzymes to break down pathogen
  5. Broken down pathogen is either moved out by exocytosis or absorbed by phagocyte antigens to combine with MHC
69
Q

What happens if the digested pathogen in phagocytosis is absorbed by antigens to combine with MHC?

A

The MHC/ antigen complex on phagocyte membrane making an antigen presenting cell.

70
Q

What is the role of an antigen presenting cell?

A

To stimulate other immune cells?

71
Q

What are the role of cytokines?

A

Produced by phagocytes
Inform phagocytes about pathogen
Stimulate increase in body temp

72
Q

What are opsonins?

A
  • Bind to pathogens and tag them so they can be more easily recognised
  • Received by receptors in cell membrane
  • Phagocyte then engulfs pathogens
73
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A
  • Cannot work independently of host
  • Harms the host
  • Lives in host
74
Q

How do you count blood cells?

A

Overlay image with acetate that has squares on it and count those in certain area

75
Q

What is a macrophage?

A
  • Phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogen
  • Stimulates other immune cells
  • Migrates from blood vessels to tissue
76
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A
  • Kills tumour cells and virus-infected cells
  • Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues
77
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A
  • First responders at the site if infection
  • releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria
78
Q

What bond holds the chains of an antibody together?

A

Disulphide bridge

79
Q

What is special about the binding site of an antibody?

A

Specific shape to be complimentary to an antigen on a pathogen

80
Q

What is the purpose of the hinge region (squiggles on diagrams that hold the heavy chains together)?

A

So the antibody can flex

81
Q

What is the purpose of the constant region of an antibody?

A

Binding to phagocytes

82
Q

What is neutralisation by antibodies?

A
  • Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen membrane preventing it from attaching and entering host cells
  • Also encourage macrophages to phagocytose
83
Q

What is agglutination?

A
  • Uses each binding site to attach to a different antibody which forms a large clump
  • Non infective and easily phagocytosed
84
Q

What is agglutination?

A
  • Antibody binding site bind different pathogens together forming a large flu,p
  • non infective and easily phagocytosed
85
Q

What isopsonisation?

A

The end of the antibody stimulates phagocytosis

86
Q

What is the action of an antitoxin?

A

Removes risk of toxins

87
Q

What is immunological memory?

A
  1. Antibodies produced several days after initial infection = small response
  2. Second infection = longer,faster and larger immune response
    - Antigen specific
88
Q

What are plasma cells?

A
  • Make antibodies
  • Have lots of:
    1. Rough ER for synthesising a lot of antibodies
    2. Lots of mitochondria for ATP for exocytosis and making antibodies
    3. Golgi apparatus- Packaging antibody proteins
89
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

The bone marrow

90
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature

A

The thymus gland

91
Q

What is the order of humoral immune response?

A
  1. B cell becomes an APC after phagocytosis
    2.APC interacts with specific Th cell releasing interleukin 1
  2. Interleukin 1 stimulates interleukin 2 which causes differentiation of effector B cells into plasma cells
  3. Plasma cells divide and produce a large number of antibodies
  4. Effector B cells become memory b cells in case of further infection
92
Q

What are the steps of the cellular immune response?

A
  1. Macrophage becomes an APC after phagocytosis
  2. APC interacts with a specific Th cell and release interleukin 1
  3. Interleukin 1 stimulates release of interleukin 2 which stimulates growth of cytotoxic cells
  4. Cytotoxic cells detect antigen on surface of infected cells and produce perforin which makes the membrane more permeable and causes cell lysis
  5. Memory T cells are produced in case of further infectoon
93
Q

What are T regulator cells?

A
  • Prevent an auto immune response by repressing the immune system after all the pathogens have been destroyed
94
Q

What is an example of a natural active response?

A
  • Normal immune response
95
Q

What is an example of natural passive immune response?

A
  • Newborn babies immune system is taken from their mother from breast,ilk and across the placenta
96
Q

What is an artificial active immune response?

A
  • Vaccination
97
Q

What is an artificial passive immune response?

A
  • Antibodies produced by another organism and injecting into blood
  • e.g, Tetanus
98
Q

What types of antigen can vaccines contain?

A
  • Killed or inactive bacteria and viruses
  • attenuated (weakened) strains
  • toxin molecules that have been altered and detoxified
  • Isolated antigens extracted from pathogen
  • genetically engineered antigen
99
Q

What is an auto immune disease?

A

When the body fails to recognise the body’s own cells as itself resulting in damage to healthy cells

100
Q

What is an example of autoimmune disease?

A

Lupus,Rheumatoid arthritis, Coeliac disease

101
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Antigens displayed on the virus mutate meaning a new virus strain has emerged

102
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
  • Where enough people are vaccinated to provide immunity to at risk population
103
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Interferes with a pathogen while not affecting surrounding cells

104
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Seeing what genes people have

Biology (26 decks)

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