6. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire & the Eastern Question (1800s-1914)

Question 1

What was the primary cause of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

Answer 1

A combination of internal strife, economic difficulties, and external pressures from European powers.

Question 2

True or False: The Eastern Question refers to the geopolitical issues arising from the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which war marked the beginning of significant territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 3

The Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

Question 4

Fill in the blank: The _______ Reforms were a series of changes aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

Answer 4

Tanzimat

Question 5

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji in 1774?

Answer 5

It marked the beginning of Russian influence in the Black Sea region and territorial losses for the Ottomans.

Question 6

Which major event in 1876 is often considered a turning point for the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 6

The declaration of the first Ottoman Constitution.

Question 7

Multiple Choice: Which of the following countries sought to expand its territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire? A) France B) Russia C) Britain D) All of the above

Answer 7

D) All of the above

Question 8

What role did nationalism play in the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 8

Nationalist movements among various ethnic groups sought independence from Ottoman rule.

Question 9

True or False: The Young Turks were a reformist group that sought to strengthen the Ottoman Empire through modernization.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What was the significance of the Balkan Wars for the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 10

They resulted in significant territorial losses and the establishment of independent Balkan states.

Question 11

Who was the Sultan during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908?

Answer 11

Sultan Abdulhamid II

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The _______ Crisis of 1875-1876 led to increased European intervention in the Balkans.

Answer 12

Bosnian

Question 13

What was the primary aim of the Congress of Berlin in 1878?

Answer 13

To reorganize the territories of the Balkans and address the Eastern Question.

Question 14

Multiple Choice: Which of the following territories was NOT lost by the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? A) Greece B) Egypt C) Palestine D) Libya

Answer 14

C) Palestine

Question 15

What was the effect of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 15

It resulted in further territorial losses and the independence of several Balkan states.

Question 16

True or False: The Ottoman Empire was able to effectively resist all European imperialist incursions during the 19th century.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What was one of the main outcomes of the Treaty of Berlin (1878)?

Answer 17

Recognition of the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The _______ Movement aimed at reviving the Islamic identity of the Ottoman Empire in response to Westernization.

Answer 18

Pan-Islamic

Question 19

Which empire was considered the ‘sick man of Europe’ in the 19th century?

Answer 19

The Ottoman Empire

Question 20

What was the significance of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution?

Answer 20

It restored the constitution and led to a period of reform and modernization.

Question 21

Multiple Choice: Which of the following events directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I? A) The Balkan Wars B) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand C) The decline of the Ottoman Empire D) All of the above

Answer 21

D) All of the above

Question 22

What was the main goal of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?

Answer 22

To regain lost territories and maintain its sovereignty.

Question 23

True or False: The Ottomans allied with the Central Powers during World War I.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What was the impact of European colonialism on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 24

It exacerbated internal divisions and weakened the empire’s ability to govern its territories.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The _______ were a group of Ottoman military officers who played a significant role in the empire’s decline.

Answer 25

Janissaries

Question 26

What was the primary reason for the Armenian Genocide during World War I?

Answer 26

The Ottoman government’s suspicion of Armenians as traitors and their perceived collaboration with enemy forces.

Question 27

Multiple Choice: Which of the following reforms was part of the Tanzimat era? A) Introduction of a secular education system B) Abolition of the Janissary corps C) Legal reforms D) All of the above

Answer 27

D) All of the above

Question 28

What was the role of the Great Powers in the Eastern Question?

Answer 28

They intervened in Ottoman affairs to expand their own influence and territory.

Question 29

True or False: The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to the emergence of the modern Middle East.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What was one of the key factors that led to the Ottomans losing control over Egypt?

Answer 30

The rise of nationalist sentiments and British colonial interests.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a significant rebellion against Ottoman rule in the 19th century that sought independence.

Answer 31

Greek War of Independence

Question 32

Which empire expanded significantly at the expense of the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?

Answer 32

The Russian Empire

Question 33

Multiple Choice: What was the primary focus of the Young Turks’ reforms? A) Economic growth B) Military expansion C) Political modernization D) Religious revival

Answer 33

C) Political modernization

Question 34

True or False: The Ottoman Empire successfully modernized its military to match European standards in the 19th century.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

What was the impact of the 1912 Balkan War on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 35

It resulted in the loss of almost all of its European territories.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a political and social movement that emerged in the Ottoman Empire advocating for modernization and reform.

Answer 36

Young Turk Movement

Question 37

What was one consequence of the decline of the Ottoman Empire for its diverse ethnic groups?

Answer 37

Increased demands for autonomy and independence.

Question 38

Multiple Choice: Which event marked the end of the Ottoman Empire? A) The signing of the Treaty of Sèvres B) The establishment of the Republic of Turkey C) The end of World War I D) All of the above

Answer 38

D) All of the above

Question 39

True or False: The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain its territorial integrity until the end of World War I.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What was the significance of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920?

Answer 40

It aimed to partition the Ottoman Empire and grant independence to various territories.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a political party founded by the Young Turks that sought to implement reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 41

Committee of Union and Progress

Question 42

What role did Britain play in the Eastern Question?

Answer 42

Britain sought to protect its interests in the region, especially in Egypt and the Suez Canal.

Question 43

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a result of the Balkan Wars? A) Strengthening of the Ottoman Empire B) Creation of new Balkan states C) Increased tensions among European powers D) Both B and C

Answer 43

D) Both B and C

Question 44

True or False: The Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic empire that became increasingly centralized in the 19th century.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What was one of the main objectives of the Tanzimat Reforms?

Answer 45

To modernize the legal and administrative systems of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a series of uprisings against Ottoman rule in the 19th century, particularly in the Balkans.

Answer 46

Nationalist movements

Question 47

What was the impact of the First World War on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 47

It led to the empire’s dissolution and the emergence of modern nation-states in its former territories.

Question 48

Multiple Choice: Which of the following territories was lost by the Ottoman Empire after World War I? A) Syria B) Egypt C) Iraq D) All of the above

Answer 48

D) All of the above

Question 49

True or False: The Young Turks promoted a secular state in the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a major rebellion in 1830-1831 against Ottoman rule in Egypt.

Answer 50

Muhammad Ali’s revolt

Question 51

What was the significance of the Crimean War (1853-1856) for the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 51

It marked a momentary revival of Ottoman power with support from Britain and France against Russia.

Question 52

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a major cause of the decline of the Ottoman Empire? A) Economic stagnation B) Loss of military power C) Nationalist movements D) All of the above

Answer 52

D) All of the above

Question 53

True or False: The Ottoman Empire was able to fully integrate its diverse ethnic groups into a single national identity.

Answer 53

False

Question 54

Fill in the blank: The _______ led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Answer 54

Turkish War of Independence

Question 55

What was one consequence of the Armenian Genocide on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 55

It further alienated the empire from Western powers and contributed to its decline.

Question 56

Multiple Choice: Which of the following reforms was NOT part of the Tanzimat? A) Land reforms B) Military reforms C) Educational reforms D) Monarchical absolutism

Answer 56

D) Monarchical absolutism

Question 57

True or False: The Eastern Question was solely about the fate of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

What was the impact of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution on the Ottoman military?

Answer 58

It led to increased military influence in politics and further modernization efforts.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a significant international crisis that involved the Ottoman Empire and was sparked by the Balkan Wars.

Answer 59

Eastern Crisis

Question 60

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a major factor in the rise of nationalism in the Balkans? A) Ottoman oppression B) Influence of European nationalism C) Economic hardship D) All of the above

Answer 60

D) All of the above

Question 61

True or False: The decline of the Ottoman Empire had no impact on European geopolitics.

Answer 61

False

Question 62

What was the role of France in the Eastern Question?

Answer 62

France aimed to expand its influence in the Mediterranean and protect Christian minorities in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 63

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a pivotal event that resulted in the end of the Ottoman Empire’s European territories.

Answer 63

Treaty of Sèvres

Question 64

What was the significance of the Arab Revolt during World War I?

Answer 64

It aimed to achieve independence from Ottoman rule and was supported by the Allies.

Question 65

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a consequence of the decline of the Ottoman Empire? A) Creation of new nation-states B) Increased European colonialism C) Ethnic conflicts D) All of the above

Answer 65

D) All of the above