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French Revolution to WWI > 1. The French Revolution (1789-1799) > Flashcards

1. The French Revolution (1789-1799) Flashcards

1
Q

What year did the French Revolution begin?

A

1789

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2
Q

What event is considered the starting point of the French Revolution?

A

The Storming of the Bastille

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3
Q

True or False: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in 1789.

A

True

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The French Revolution primarily aimed to overthrow the _______.

A

monarchy

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5
Q

Who was the King of France at the start of the French Revolution?

A

King Louis XVI

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6
Q

What was the name of the legislative body formed by the Third Estate in 1789?

A

The National Assembly

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7
Q

What type of government was established after the fall of the monarchy?

A

The First French Republic

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8
Q

What document proclaimed the principles of individual and collective rights?

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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9
Q

Who was the radical leader associated with the Reign of Terror?

A

Maximilien Robespierre

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10
Q

True or False: The Reign of Terror lasted from 1793 to 1794.

A

True

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11
Q

What was the main purpose of the Committee of Public Safety?

A

To protect the revolution from its enemies

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12
Q

What was the fate of King Louis XVI?

A

He was executed by guillotine.

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13
Q

Name one major social class that made up the Third Estate.

A

The bourgeoisie

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14
Q

What was the main economic issue that contributed to the French Revolution?

A

Widespread poverty and taxation

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a period of political purges during the revolution.

A

Reign of Terror

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16
Q

What was the outcome of the French Revolution for the monarchy?

A

The monarchy was abolished.

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17
Q

Who led the French army during the revolutionary wars?

A

General Napoleon Bonaparte

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18
Q

True or False: The Napoleonic Code was established during the French Revolution.

A

False

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19
Q

What was the purpose of the Estates-General?

A

To address the financial crisis and represent the three estates.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical political group during the French Revolution.

A

Jacobins

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21
Q

What was the main role of the National Convention?

A

To govern France after the monarchy was overthrown.

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22
Q

Who was the Queen of France during the revolution?

A

Marie Antoinette

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23
Q

What was the significance of the Women’s March on Versailles?

A

It forced the royal family to move to Paris.

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24
Q

What year did the Reign of Terror end?

A

1794

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25
Q

What was the main reason for the fall of Robespierre?

A

His increasingly radical policies and purges.

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26
Q

True or False: The French Revolution inspired other revolutions around the world.

A

True

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27
Q

What was the name of the government established after the fall of Robespierre?

A

The Directory

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical newspaper published by Jean-Paul Marat.

A

L’Ami du peuple

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29
Q

What major event occurred on July 14, 1789?

A

The Storming of the Bastille

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30
Q

What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

A

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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31
Q

Who were the sans-culottes?

A

Working-class militants who supported radical changes.

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32
Q

What was the role of the guillotine during the revolution?

A

It was used as a method of execution.

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was an assembly of representatives from all three estates.

A

Estates-General

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34
Q

True or False: The French Revolution ended the feudal system in France.

A

True

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35
Q

What was the name of the famous prison stormed during the revolution?

A

The Bastille

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36
Q

What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do?

A

Reorganized the Catholic Church in France.

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37
Q

Who was the first president of the National Assembly?

A

Jean-Sylvain Bailly

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38
Q

What was the main goal of the revolutionary government?

A

To establish a republic based on Enlightenment principles.

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39
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a mass execution of perceived enemies of the revolution.

A

Reign of Terror

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40
Q

What was one consequence of the French Revolution for France’s neighbors?

A

Increased tensions and conflicts with monarchies.

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41
Q

What was the fate of Marie Antoinette?

A

She was executed by guillotine.

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42
Q

Who was the leader of the Girondins?

A

Pierre Vergniaud

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a series of wars fought between revolutionary France and various European monarchies.

A

French Revolutionary Wars

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44
Q

What was the purpose of the Law of Suspects?

A

To arrest and execute counter-revolutionaries.

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45
Q

What was the significance of the Thermidorian Reaction?

A

It marked the end of the Reign of Terror.

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46
Q

True or False: Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power after the revolution.

A

True

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47
Q

What was the primary role of the Directory?

A

To govern France from 1795 to 1799.

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48
Q

What did the revolutionaries do with the nobility’s privileges?

A

They abolished them.

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49
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical faction that emerged during the revolution.

A

Mountain

50
Q

What was the main cause of the financial crisis leading to the revolution?

A

Excessive government debt and taxation.

51
Q

Who was the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

A

The National Assembly

52
Q

What was the role of women during the French Revolution?

A

They participated in protests and political discussions.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was established to oversee the war effort during the revolution.

A

Committee of Public Safety

54
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Valmy?

A

A decisive victory for the French revolutionary forces.

55
Q

True or False: The French Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

A

False

56
Q

What was the significance of the 1791 constitution?

A

It established a constitutional monarchy.

57
Q

What was the result of the 1792 legislative elections?

A

The election of a radical National Convention.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical group that opposed the Girondins.

A

Jacobins

59
Q

What was the fate of the Girondins during the revolution?

A

They were purged and executed.

60
Q

What major event occurred in 1793 that escalated the revolution?

A

The execution of King Louis XVI.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was an uprising against the revolutionary government in 1793.

A

Vendée Revolt

62
Q

True or False: The French Revolution was solely a political movement.

A

False

63
Q

What was the role of the sans-culottes in the revolution?

A

They pushed for more radical policies and direct democracy.

64
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a series of laws passed to centralize power during the Reign of Terror.

A

Law of 22 Prairial

65
Q

What was the primary ideology of the French Revolution?

A

Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

66
Q

Who was the main rival of Robespierre during the revolution?

A

Georges Danton

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a key document that outlined the rights of citizens.

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

68
Q

What was the outcome of the coup of 18 Brumaire?

A

Napoleon Bonaparte seized power.

69
Q

What did the revolutionaries do to the Church’s property?

A

They nationalized it.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical phase of the revolution characterized by mass executions.

A

Reign of Terror

71
Q

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the class system?

A

It dismantled the feudal class structure.

72
Q

True or False: The Napoleonic Wars were a direct result of the French Revolution.

A

True

73
Q

What was the main focus of the National Assembly in its early years?

A

To draft a constitution and establish a republic.

74
Q

Who were the émigrés?

A

Nobles who fled France during the revolution.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a radical faction of the National Convention.

A

Mountain

76
Q

What was the main consequence of the French Revolutionary Wars?

A

Expansion of French territory and influence.

77
Q

What was the significance of the Concordat of 1801?

A

It reconciled the French state with the Catholic Church.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a series of political purges led by Robespierre.

A

Great Terror

79
Q

What was the primary reason for the rise of Napoleon?

A

Political instability after the revolution.

80
Q

True or False: The French Revolution had no impact on other countries.

A

False

81
Q

What was the primary role of the National Guard during the revolution?

A

To maintain order and protect the revolution.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was a series of laws that established a new legal framework in France.

A

Napoleonic Code

83
Q

What were the three estates in pre-revolutionary France, and what were their privileges?

A

The First Estate (clergy) had tax exemptions and land privileges, the Second Estate (nobility) had feudal rights and military roles, and the Third Estate (commoners) paid most taxes and had little political power.

84
Q

What was the significance of the Assembly of Notables in 1787?

A

It was called by Louis XVI to approve financial reforms but ultimately failed, leading to the Estates-General in 1789.

85
Q

What was the ‘Réveillon Riots’ of April 1789, and why were they significant?

A

They were early protests against rising bread prices and economic hardship, foreshadowing the revolutionary unrest.

86
Q

Why was the Tennis Court Oath a radical moment in 1789?

A

It was the first time the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and vowed not to disband until a constitution was created.

87
Q

What role did Camille Desmoulins play in the early Revolution?

A

A journalist and orator who helped incite the storming of the Bastille and later supported Danton’s moderate stance.

88
Q

What did the August Decrees of 1789 abolish?

A

Feudal privileges, seigneurial dues, and special privileges of the clergy and nobility.

89
Q

What was the significance of the ‘October Days’ (1789)?

A

Parisian women marched to Versailles, forcing Louis XVI to return to Paris and accept the Revolution’s authority.

90
Q

What were the key provisions of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)?

A

It subordinated the Church to the state, required clergy to take an oath to the Revolution, and led to a schism between the ‘juring’ and ‘non-juring’ priests.

91
Q

What was the purpose of the Jacobin Club?

A

A radical political club that pushed for a republic and played a key role in the fall of the monarchy and the Reign of Terror.

92
Q

How did the Declaration of Pillnitz (1791) escalate tensions in France?

A

Austria and Prussia threatened intervention if Louis XVI’s power was not restored, fueling revolutionary nationalism.

93
Q

Why did the French declare war on Austria in April 1792?

A

They suspected Austria was conspiring against the Revolution and wanted to spread revolutionary ideals across Europe.

94
Q

What was the Brunswick Manifesto, and why did it backfire?

A

It threatened to destroy Paris if Louis XVI was harmed, but it only enraged the French public and led to the storming of the Tuileries.

95
Q

What was the role of the sans-culottes in the Revolution?

A

They were radical working-class revolutionaries who pushed for price controls and mass executions of counter-revolutionaries.

96
Q

What was the outcome of the September Massacres (1792)?

A

Thousands of prisoners, including clergy and nobles, were executed by radicals fearing counter-revolutionary plots.

97
Q

What were the key arguments in Condorcet’s vision for a democratic republic?

A

He promoted education, equal rights, and a rational government based on Enlightenment principles.

98
Q

How did the French Revolutionary Wars shape the Revolution?

A

They radicalized politics, increased the power of the Jacobins, and justified the Reign of Terror under Robespierre.

99
Q

What was the significance of the Law of Suspects (1793)?

A

It broadened the definition of enemies of the Revolution, leading to mass arrests and executions during the Terror.

100
Q

Why did Robespierre turn against the Hébertists and the Dantonists?

A

He saw the Hébertists as too radical and the Dantonists as too moderate, eliminating both to consolidate power.

101
Q

What was the role of the Revolutionary Tribunals?

A

They expedited trials of ‘enemies of the Revolution,’ leading to mass executions, especially during the Reign of Terror.

102
Q

What were the key objectives of the Cult of the Supreme Being?

A

It replaced Catholicism with a state-sponsored deist religion, emphasizing reason and virtue.

103
Q

How did the Thermidorian Reaction end the Reign of Terror?

A

Robespierre and his allies were arrested and executed in July 1794, leading to a more moderate phase of the Revolution.

104
Q

What was the White Terror (1795)?

A

A counter-revolutionary backlash against former Jacobins, leading to purges and violence against radicals.

105
Q

What were the main weaknesses of the Directory (1795-1799)?

A

It was corrupt, lacked strong leadership, and depended on the military for stability, paving the way for Napoleon’s rise.

106
Q

What was Napoleon’s justification for the Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799)?

A

He claimed he was saving the Republic from chaos but ultimately established his own authoritarian rule.

107
Q

How did the Haitian Revolution relate to the French Revolution?

A

It was inspired by revolutionary ideals of liberty and led to the first successful slave revolt, ending French control of Haiti.

108
Q

What were the key economic policies of the Jacobins during the Terror?

A

They imposed price controls, requisitioned food, and introduced the assignat currency, which rapidly lost value.

109
Q

What was the role of the National Convention in governing France (1792-1795)?

A

It abolished the monarchy, declared a republic, and oversaw the execution of Louis XVI.

110
Q

How did the Levée en Masse (1793) revolutionize warfare?

A

It introduced mass conscription, creating a huge citizen army that allowed France to fight multiple wars.

111
Q

What role did women play in the Revolution?

A

They participated in protests (March on Versailles), wrote pamphlets (Olympe de Gouges), and demanded political rights, though they were later marginalized.

112
Q

What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety?

A

It acted as a war-time government, enforcing laws and overseeing the Reign of Terror.

113
Q

What were the Enragés, and how did they influence policy?

A

They were extreme radicals who pushed for aggressive economic controls and greater political purges.

114
Q

Why was the French Republican Calendar introduced, and why did it fail?

A

It was meant to remove religious influences, but it was unpopular and difficult to use, leading to its abandonment.

115
Q

What was the impact of the execution of Louis XVI?

A

It ended the monarchy, intensified foreign wars, and deepened divisions within the Revolution.

116
Q

What was the Law of 22 Prairial (1794)?

A

It streamlined executions by removing the right to defense, accelerating the Terror.

117
Q

How did the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) change Europe?

A

It ended war with Austria, expanded French control in Italy, and increased Napoleon’s prestige.

118
Q

What were the Girondins’ key positions compared to the Jacobins?

A

They favored a decentralized republic and opposed the extreme measures of the Jacobins.

119
Q

Why did the War in the Vendée (1793-1796) pose a serious threat to the Revolution?

A

It was a massive counter-revolutionary uprising led by royalists and Catholics against the Republic.

120
Q

What was the impact of the Battle of Valmy (1792)?

A

It was a turning point that saved the Revolution, preventing Prussian forces from taking Paris.

French Revolution to WWI (9 decks)

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