6. The cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

genome

A

cell’s genetic information/cell’s DNA

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2
Q

what does chromatin consist of?

A

the entire complex of DNA + proteins building chromosomes

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3
Q

which protein attaches two sister chromatids together?

A

cohesins

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4
Q

which phase is the most variable in length?

A

G1

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5
Q

the 5 phases of mitosis

A

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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6
Q

in which phase does the mitotic spindle begin to form in the cytoplasm?

A

during Prophase

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7
Q

during which phase do the spindle microtubules start to attach to the 2 kinetochores of the chromosome?

A

during Prometaphase

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8
Q

CLEAVAGE process

A

cytokinesis in animal cells

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9
Q

how does cytokinesis happen?

A

due to the interaction of actin microfilaments with myosin molecules

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9
Q

which organisms undergo binary fission?

A
  • prokaryotes= bacteria and archaea
    -single-celled eukaryotes= amoeba
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10
Q

the difference of binary fission in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

in eukaryotes (amoeba) binary fission includes mitosis

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11
Q

which are the regulatory molecules of the cell cycle control?

A
  • protein kinases
    -cyclins
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12
Q

the condition of protein kinases to be in their active form

A

they must be attached to a cyclin

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13
Q

CDKs

A

cyclin-dependent kinases

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14
Q

what happens to the cyclin rate during the S and G2 phases?

A

it rises rapidly

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15
Q

what happens to the cyclin rate during the M phase?

A

it goes down

16
Q

MPF

A

maturation-promoting factor or
M-phase promoting factor

17
Q

the role of MPF

A

triggers the cell passage to the M phase

18
Q

what happens to MPF during anaphase?

A

it initiates that destroys cyclin and inactivates CDK (the non-cyclin part of the MPF)

19
Q

the two types of cancer are

A
  1. Benign tumor
  2. Malignant tumor
20
Q

Benign tumor

A

when abnormal cells do not spread to other tissues
does not cause serious problems, it is removed surgically

21
Q

metastasis

A

spread of tumor cells to other sites of other tissues

22
Q

which is the longest phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

23
Q

what differs between two homologous chromosomes?

A

alleles

24
Q

what kind of reproduction do yeast cells undergo?

A

asexual

25
Q

do genetic differences occur during asexual reproduction?

A

yes

26
Q

what kind of reproduction do fungi and protists undergo?

A

sexual

27
Q

Leptotene

A

1st phase of prophase 1
chromosomes start to condense, homologous ch. start to condense

28
Q

Zygotene

A

2nd phase of Prophase 1
homologous chromosomes align together in synapsis. the paired ch. are called bivalents/tetrads

29
Q

Pachytene

A

3rd phase of prophase 1
crossing over happens

30
Q

diplotene

A

5th phase of prophase 1
homologous ch. separate, but remain attached at points called CHIASMATA

31
Q

DIAKINESIS

A

last phase of prophase 1
nuclear membrane begins to break down