1. Macromolecules Flashcards
what gives water high surface tension?
the water molecule assimetry
which qualities of water allow it to moderate temperature?
- high specific heat capacity
- high latent heat of vaporization
why does ice float?
ice is less dense than liquid water
what solution is used to test monosaccharides?
BENEDIKTI—–> CuO is precipitated (red color)
the monomers of maltose :
glucose + glucose
the monomers of sucrose:
glucose + fructose
position of glycosidic linkage in maltose:
1-4
position of glycosidic linkage in sucrose:
1-2
position of glycosidic linkage in starch:
1-4
starch consists of:
amylose + amylopectin
amylose chains are:
long
unbranched
amylopectin chains are:
short
branched chains
branches in positions 1-6
glycogen is found in?
bacteres + animals
linkages in glycogen?
1-6 // similar to amylopectin
position of cellulose glycosidic linkages?
1-4
the structure of cellulose?
beta glucose
long
straight
unbranched molecules
where is chitin found?
- Fungi// cell wall
- Arthropods// exoskeleton
the difference between cellulose and chitin is that :
chitin contains a nitrogen attachment to its structure
saturated fats qualities
-solid at room temp.
-animal fats
-no double bonds
unsaturated fats qualities
-liquid at room temp.
-plant and fish fats
-healthy fats
-one or more double bonds
what is the reason that fats are hydrophobic?
the non-polar bonds C-H
what does a triglyceride consist of and how many water molecules are released during the formation of the 3 ester linkages?
-triglyceride= 1 glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
-3 water molecules (1 water molecule per linkage)
what does a phospholipid consist of?
phospholipid= the non-polar bonds C-H
why is the head of the phospholipid hydrophilic?
because it contains a phosphate group which is NEGATIVELY charged
the chemical formula of cholesterol :
C27H46O
where is cholesterol found?
only in animal cells
how is cholesterol transported in the blood?
it is transported by low-density lipoproteins
LDL-s
the structure of cholesterol
-hydrophilic head which consists of 4 fused rings
-hydrophobic tail with C-H linkages
what does cholesterol do to the cell membrane at relatively high temperatures?
cholesterol makes the membrane LESS FLUID
by restraining phospholipid movement
what determines how a protein works?
the structure of the protein
how is the tertiary structure formed?
it is a result of the interaction of the side chains/ R groups
-It is a hydrophobic interaction
what is a side chain in the structure of the aa?
the R group
what kind of bonds are disulfide bonds?
they are covalent bonds between two S atoms
-C-SH-SH-C-
what is collagen?
a fibrous protein/ 4th structure
the structure of collagen
it is made of 3 identical helical polypeptides (not alpha-helix ones)
1 in 3 aa of each of the 3 helical polypeptides is Glycin
the role of glycin in the structure of collagen
it is the smallest and simplest aa, that keeps the fibers close
3 helical polypeptides—–> (covalent bonds) Fibrile ———->(covalent + hydrogen bonds) Fibres
what do prokaryotic cells use to convey a message from DNA to ribosomes?
mRNA, which has no introns
nucleoside
the part of the nucleotide without any phosphate group
pyrimidines structure
have 1 six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
purines structure
have 1 six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms fused to a five-membered ring
-are larger than pyrimidines
the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
the second carbon in deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom (they are both pentoses)
how can we differentiate the 5’ end from 3’?
by knowing the position of the phosphate group
ribozymes
RNA molecules that act as enzymes
are cofactors protein or non-protein helpers?
they are non-protein helpers
cofactors can be
1. Inorganic (zinc, iron, copper in ionic form)
2. Organic cofactors called COENZYMES (vitamines, NAD+, FAD+)
are vitamines organic or non-organic molecules?
organic
name of the enzyme which hydrolyses the peptide bond between 2 aa?
ENDOpeptidase
