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Neuro Unit 3 > 6 Thalamus > Flashcards

6 Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Global card (5 things): What are the basic functions of the thalamus?

A
  • Sleep/vigilance/attention
  • Sensory & motor “gate” for what reaches awareness
  • —Not for smell & some “emotional” pain/visceral senses
  • —ONLY gate from cerebellum & basal ganglia to cortex
  • Level and content of consciousness
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2
Q

T/F Thalamus is the ONLY gate from cerebellum & basal ganglia to cortex?

A

T

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3
Q

Thalamus is a sensory/motor gate for everything except what?

A

-smell & some “emotional” pain/visceral senses

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4
Q

Pg. 2 of notes has an intense anatomy figure of the thalamus, so if you’re using these cards in place of studying the lecture notes…

A

Go look at it real quick, then come back :)

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5
Q

Thalamic motor nuclei are clustered directionally where?

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Thalamic sensory nuclei are clustered directionally where?

A

Posterior

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7
Q

What marks the division between medial and lateral thalamic nuclei?

A

Internal Medullary Lamina (separates MD nucleus from LD nucleus)

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8
Q

What is the largest intralaminar thalamic nucleus?

A

centromedians (largest intralaminar nucleus in humans)

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9
Q

What are the midline thalamic nuclei?

A

Paraventricular, rhomboid, reuniens

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10
Q

T/F thalamus is involved in level and content of consciousness?

A

T

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11
Q

T/F “Specific” nuclei are typically not reciprocally connected w/ cortex?

A

F. They are.

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12
Q

T/F “Specific” nuclei maintain spatial organization of senses?

A

True

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13
Q

What are the sensory thalamic nuclei?

A

MGN, LGN, VPM, VPL

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14
Q

What are the motor thalamic nuclei?

A

VA, VL

ventral anterior, ventral lateral

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15
Q

What are the association specific nuclei?

A

MD, P

mediodorsal, pulvinar

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16
Q

what are the limbic specific nuclei?

A

Anterior, lateral dorsal (sometimes MD is also included)

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17
Q

Non-specific thalamic are different than the “specific” nuclei we already covered. Since we already covered “specific” nuclei, name the 4 differences that define non-specific nuclei?

A
  • Diffuse/multimodal
  • NOT-reciprocal w/ cortex, but reciprocal w/ basal ganglia
  • Sensory info NOT spatially organized
  • Strong input from MIDBRAIN reticular formation
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18
Q

What are the 2 categories of non-specific thalamic nuclei?

A

Intralaminar, midline

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19
Q

VPM is for what? Reciprocally connected w/ what?

A
  • mnemonic: For your “Mug” (face)
  • All sensory from face thru trigeminal lemniscus
  • Reciprocally connected w/ postcentral gyrus
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20
Q

VPMpc is the end of what pathway? And is reciprocally connected w/ what?

A

Taste buds–> NTS–> Pontine/Mesencephalic taste relay–>VPMpc (parvocellular)
-reciprocal connection: anterior insula

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21
Q

VPL is for what? Reciprocally connected w/ what?

A
  • mnemonic: For you “Limbs”
  • Spinothalamic tract (which also has projections outside VPL) & medial lemniscus
  • Reciprocal connection: Postcentral gyrus
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22
Q

VPI is for what?

A

Transmits vestibular info to inferior parietal lobule

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23
Q

LGN has how many layers?

A

6

24
Q

MGN is for what? Reciprocally connected w/ what?

A
  • Mnemonic: M is for “music”
  • auditory input from inferior colliculus
  • reciprocal connection: primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus of temporal lobe)
25
Q

VA is for what?

A
  • Mnemonic: A is for “bAsAl gAngliA”
  • Medial portion: Receives inhibitory input from ipsilateral basal ganglia for eye, head, neck movements
  • Lateral portion: Receives input from globus pallidus for trunk and limb regions
26
Q

VL is for what?

A
  • Mnemonic: L is for “cerebeLLum”

- Receives crossed input from cerebellum (via deep nuclei, the dentate-rubro-thalamic path)

27
Q

VA is Reciprocally connected w/ what?

A

-Reciprocal connection: Premotor cortex, frontal eye fields, cingulate & parietal cortices

28
Q

VL is Reciprocally connected w/ what?

A

-Reciprocal connection: primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) AND sends axons to premotor, parietal, and superior temporal cortices

29
Q

Basal ganglia effect is ipsi or contralaterally?

A

contralateral

30
Q

Cerebellar effect is ipsi or contralaterally?

A

ipsilateral

31
Q

MD has connections with what?

A

Connections w/ frontal & orbital cortices.

32
Q

Lesions of MD result in?

A

apathy, memory changes, difficulty switching tasks (perseveration)

33
Q

Pulvinar receives input from where?

A

-Input from retina, sup. colliculus, and (indirectly spinothalmic tract)

34
Q

Pulvinar has What reciprocal connections?

A

-Reciprocal connections with 2nd-order sensory & multimodal association cortices in parietal, temporal, occipital lobes AND cingulate & frontal cortices

35
Q

Lesions of pulvinar produce what problems?

A

language processing, visual perception, pain perception

36
Q

T/F thalamic association nuclei receive reciprocal connections with cortex?

A

T.

37
Q

What is the purpose of thalamic association nuclei?

A

Integration of dif. types of sensory stimuli

38
Q

T/F Sensory systems are the main source of activation in thalamic association nuclei?

A

F. The cortex is.

39
Q

Anterior nuc. of thalamus is for? Reciprocally connected w/?

A
  • Receives info from parahippocampal region (thru fornix) and mammillary bodies (thru mammillothalamic tract)
  • Reciprocal connection: cingulate gyrus
40
Q

t/f anterior nuc. of thalamus has the densest serotonergic input from midbrain?

A

F. Cholinergic.

41
Q

Laterodorsal thalamic nuc. is for?

A 
Parahippocampal info (thru fornix)
-Reciprocal connection: Retrosplenial cortex
42
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome (alcoholic amnesia) produces changes where?

A
  • Mammillary bodies

- anterior group of thalamic nuclei

43
Q

spatial and context-dependent memory depends on what kind of neural system?

A

distributed neural system

44
Q

Non-specific thalamic nuclei receive input from where?

A
  • locus ceruleus
  • dorsal raphe
  • Periaqueductal gray
  • mesencephalon/pons input (reticular activating system, ACh) is more significant in intralaminar group
45
Q

Midline group of nonspecific thal. nuclei send output where?

A

cortex, striatum (for general arousal)

46
Q

Intralaminar group of nonspecific thal. nuclei send output where?

A

Striatum (for attention to motor tasks)

47
Q

Lesions of centromedian nuc. lead to?

A

unilateral motor neglect (loss of attention function, since recall this is an intralaminar thalamic nucleus)

48
Q

What 2 types of thalamic neurons exist?

A
  • thalamocortical projection

- inhibitory interneuron (to other thalamic areas)

49
Q

What 2 sub-types of thalamocortical projections exist?

A
  • Restricted

- Widespread

50
Q

How is global synchrony produced in the brain?

A

-“Restricted” projection sends signal, creating localized synchronous activity w/ cortex. Cortex signals back, which activates a “widespread” projection to cortex. Now global synchrony occurs.

51
Q

When thalamic reticular nucleus is on tonically, what happens to sensory info?

A
  • Awake state

- Thalamic signal to cortex mirrors sensory info

52
Q

When thalamic reticular nucleus is on phasically, what happens to sensory info?

A
  • Sleep state

- Thalamic signal to cortex IGNORES sensory info

53
Q

Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) consists of what type of neurons?

A

GABA (innervate the WHOLE thalamus and all fibers communicating w/ cortex!)

54
Q

Too much GABA (from a drug) would cause what?

A

TRN interference w/ sleep/wake awareness of stimuli (many sedatives are GABA agonists)

55
Q

What SENSORY effects do thalamic lesions have in common?

A

hemianesthesia- VPM/VPL
hemihypoacusis-MGN
hemianopsia/quadrantopsia-LGN (contralateral)

56
Q

What MOTOR effects do thalamic lesions have in common?

A

motor neglect, speech difficulties, abnormal movements if VA, VL or intralaminar nuclei

57
Q

What OTHER effects do thalamic lesions have in common?

A
  • memory impairments,
  • aphasia (pulvinar)
  • altered pain perception (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome=hyperesthesia to pain and anesthesia to discriminative touch, both on same side)
  • Awareness (coma or drowsy)

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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