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Neuro Unit 3 > #5 central Monoamines > Flashcards

#5 central Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biogenic amine?

A

biomolecules with one or more amine groups.

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2
Q

the vast majority of monamine transmiters are restricted to the ______?

A

brainstem

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3
Q

what is the general function of monoaminergic systems?

A

they improve the signal to noise ratio in other systems.

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4
Q

what permits switching between behavioral states?

A

monoamines in functions such as waking, sleeping, etc.

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5
Q

T/F Mono-amines are thought to play a crucial role in emotion and cognition?

A

True

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6
Q

which 3 (major) substances play a large role in maintenance of mood and behavior?

A

serotonin
norepi
dopamine

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7
Q

T/F individual biogenic amines cannot influence/modulate other biogenic amines?

A

False, this is a major point that they can. They can also modulate other neurotransmitter systems.

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8
Q

What is DA? AD?

A

DA=dopamine

AD= “Alzheimers disease”, and/or “Adrenaline”

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9
Q

what is central to all biological mental illnesses?

A

disturbances in CMS. (central monoaminergic systems)

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10
Q

when you give a drug to treat depression, where is the most likely area it is targeting?

A

The CMS

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11
Q

where do most abused/illegal drugs act?

A

either directly or indirectly on the CMS

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12
Q

where do you find the nuclei for serotonin?

A

there are twelve of them located in the mid brain, pons, medulla, and upper spinal cord in areas called raphe nuclei.

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13
Q

what are the two divisions of raphe nuclei?

A

ascending and descending

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14
Q

what are the names of the 5-HT cell groups that secrete serotonin?

A

RAPHE:

1) dorsal
2) pontis
3) magnus
4) pallidus
5) obscuras

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15
Q

Which raphe ascend?

A

dorsal and pontis raphe

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16
Q

what is the medial forebrain bundle?

A

the connectionpathway between rostral raphe and thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and forebrain.

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17
Q

Does the ascending tract of the 5-HT system pass through the internal capsule?

A

yes, as well as the medial fore-brain bundle.

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18
Q

which raphe make up the descending 5-HT system?

A

raphe magnus and obscuras

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19
Q

what is the raphe spinal pathway?

A

the pathway from raphe obscuras to spinal cord that releases serotonin.

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20
Q

does the raphe magnus connect with the spinothalmic pathway?

A

Yes, in the dorsal horn and functions as an endogenous analgesic system.

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21
Q

How is serotonin released?

A

1) in synapses like a neurotransmitter

2) sprinkled out in general locations

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22
Q

All receptors for serotonin are __________ except for one which is a ligand gated cation channel?

A

G protein coupled receptors

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23
Q

what is the distribution of serotonin like in the cortex?

A

not uniform

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24
Q

what is the function of the amigdala’s?

A

fear, anxiety, other emotions.

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25
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus?

A

declarative and spatial memory

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26
Q

what is the function of the striatum?

A

movement, motivation, addiction, mood

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27
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

associations, consciousness, arousal, attention

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28
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

circadian rhythm, sexual functions, appetite.

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29
Q

where are the highest densities of serotonin fibers found? Lowest?

A

1) (highest) primary sensory cortices and limbic lobe.

2) (lowest) motor and premotor cortices

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30
Q

where do axons in the descending 5HT pathway end?

A

they terminate in all spinal laminae at all levels

31
Q

The projections from the raphe spinal pathways are responsible for what?

A

suppressing stimuli such as pain, temp, and sexual stimuli that would otherwise alter ones behavior.

32
Q

when are serotonin levels the highest?

A

as you wake up in the morning.

33
Q

sexual behavior and response are inhibited by what ?

A

serotonin

34
Q

The descending raphe magnus pathway is linked to what?

A

endogenous analgesia system

35
Q

T/F 5HT cells do not respond directly to noxious stimuli, but activate systems to selectively filter pain transmission?

A

true

36
Q

The descending raphe obscuras pathway is directly linked to what?

A

command system for pattern generators.

37
Q

what do descending raphe spinal neurons innervate?

A

interneurons and motor neurons in the ventral horn.

38
Q

Overall, the raphespinal tracts act to do what?

A

control magnitude and timing of movement

39
Q

overall, the reticulospinal tracts act to do what?

A

initiate compound movements

40
Q

How do you make serotonin? How is it broken down?

A

tryptophan–>5HT—->5HIAA (broken down by MAO)

41
Q

Lowering tryptophan in your diet can predispose you to what?

A

depression because you are not making enough serotonin

42
Q

how can you check serotonin levels in the blood?

A

by testing the 5-HIAA levels

43
Q

which serotonin receptors are linked to psychosis?

A

5HT 2a, 5HT 2c

44
Q

which serotonin receptors are activated by migrane headaches?

A

5HT-1f,1b,1d

45
Q

which serotonin receptor is the exception and uses the ligand gated channel instead of G protein pathways? What blocks this?

A

5HT-3 (ondansetron blocks this)

46
Q

what removes serotonin from the synapse?

A

SERT (serotonin reuptake transporter)

47
Q

If you inhibit SERT, what happens?

A

you increase extracellular serotonin levels

48
Q

What is an SSRI?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (it allows more serotonin to be available helping with depression)

49
Q

what is serotonin syndrome?

A

a life threatening emergency caused by hyper-serotonin states. This if often caused by drugs that promote serotonin release, or prevent re uptake and breakdown.

50
Q

what are some cognitive effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?

A

mental confusion
agitation
headache
coma

51
Q

what are some autonomic effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?

A 
shivering
sweating
fever
nausea
diarrhea
52
Q

what are some somatic effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?

A

muscle twitching
tremor
insomnia

53
Q

where is the locus ceruleus located?

A

Pons (mainly)

54
Q

what is the sole source of NA for the cortex?

A

the locus ceruleus

55
Q

what is considered to be the functional opposite of the 5HT raphespinal system?

A

The direct arousal system which is made up of the LC

56
Q

In the inactive state, what is going on with the LC?

A

The LC is normally inactive during resting periods.

57
Q

T/F THe LC neurons are synaptically coupled?

A

false, they are non synaptically coupled.

58
Q

what activated the sympathetic CNS in response to a large threat?

A

the LC (locus ceruleus)

59
Q

Where do norepinephrine fibers project?

A

everywhere just like the serotonin fibers.

60
Q

when is the direct arousal system active?

A

only during wakefullness

61
Q

when is the indirect arousal system active?

A

during wakefullness and during REM sleep

62
Q

During an acute stress response, NA activates stress hormones through which pathway?

A

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

63
Q

depletion of NA often results in what?

A

depression

64
Q

What happens in ADHD?

A

increased tonic firing rate of LC neurons

65
Q

Too much NA release can lead to what?

A

mania

66
Q

what makes NA? what is the limiting enzyme?

A

Tyrosine derived, and the key rate limiting enzyme is tyrosine hydroxylase.

67
Q

T/F all receptors for NA are GPCR’s/

A

True

68
Q

what is the function of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

lower BP,

reduce symptoms of PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)

69
Q

what is the function of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

lower BP,
calm ADHD habits,
feedback for NA

70
Q

where do you find the beta 1 adrenergic receptor?

A

cerebral cortex

heart

71
Q

where do you find the beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

cerebellum

lungs

72
Q

what happens if you give a beta 1 and 2 antagonist?

A

It can reduce:
tremor
agitation
aggression

73
Q

what things inhibit the NA re uptake transporter?

A

ecstasy
amphetamines
cocaine
Ritalin

74
Q

what 2 things break down norepi?

A

MAO

COMT (catechol-0-methyl transferase)

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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