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Neuro Unit 3 > #5 central Monoamines > Flashcards

#5 central Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biogenic amine?

A

biomolecules with one or more amine groups.

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2
Q

the vast majority of monamine transmiters are restricted to the ______?

A

brainstem

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3
Q

what is the general function of monoaminergic systems?

A

they improve the signal to noise ratio in other systems.

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4
Q

what permits switching between behavioral states?

A

monoamines in functions such as waking, sleeping, etc.

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5
Q

T/F Mono-amines are thought to play a crucial role in emotion and cognition?

A

True

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6
Q

which 3 (major) substances play a large role in maintenance of mood and behavior?

A

serotonin
norepi
dopamine

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7
Q

T/F individual biogenic amines cannot influence/modulate other biogenic amines?

A

False, this is a major point that they can. They can also modulate other neurotransmitter systems.

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8
Q

What is DA? AD?

A

DA=dopamine

AD= “Alzheimers disease”, and/or “Adrenaline”

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9
Q

what is central to all biological mental illnesses?

A

disturbances in CMS. (central monoaminergic systems)

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10
Q

when you give a drug to treat depression, where is the most likely area it is targeting?

A

The CMS

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11
Q

where do most abused/illegal drugs act?

A

either directly or indirectly on the CMS

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12
Q

where do you find the nuclei for serotonin?

A

there are twelve of them located in the mid brain, pons, medulla, and upper spinal cord in areas called raphe nuclei.

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13
Q

what are the two divisions of raphe nuclei?

A

ascending and descending

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14
Q

what are the names of the 5-HT cell groups that secrete serotonin?

A

RAPHE:

1) dorsal
2) pontis
3) magnus
4) pallidus
5) obscuras

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15
Q

Which raphe ascend?

A

dorsal and pontis raphe

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16
Q

what is the medial forebrain bundle?

A

the connectionpathway between rostral raphe and thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and forebrain.

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17
Q

Does the ascending tract of the 5-HT system pass through the internal capsule?

A

yes, as well as the medial fore-brain bundle.

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18
Q

which raphe make up the descending 5-HT system?

A

raphe magnus and obscuras

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19
Q

what is the raphe spinal pathway?

A

the pathway from raphe obscuras to spinal cord that releases serotonin.

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20
Q

does the raphe magnus connect with the spinothalmic pathway?

A

Yes, in the dorsal horn and functions as an endogenous analgesic system.

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21
Q

How is serotonin released?

A

1) in synapses like a neurotransmitter

2) sprinkled out in general locations

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22
Q

All receptors for serotonin are __________ except for one which is a ligand gated cation channel?

A

G protein coupled receptors

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23
Q

what is the distribution of serotonin like in the cortex?

A

not uniform

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24
Q

what is the function of the amigdala’s?

A

fear, anxiety, other emotions.

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25
what is the function of the hippocampus?
declarative and spatial memory
26
what is the function of the striatum?
movement, motivation, addiction, mood
27
what is the function of the thalamus?
associations, consciousness, arousal, attention
28
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
circadian rhythm, sexual functions, appetite.
29
where are the highest densities of serotonin fibers found? Lowest?
1) (highest) primary sensory cortices and limbic lobe. | 2) (lowest) motor and premotor cortices
30
where do axons in the descending 5HT pathway end?
they terminate in all spinal laminae at all levels
31
The projections from the raphe spinal pathways are responsible for what?
suppressing stimuli such as pain, temp, and sexual stimuli that would otherwise alter ones behavior.
32
when are serotonin levels the highest?
as you wake up in the morning.
33
sexual behavior and response are inhibited by what ?
serotonin
34
The descending raphe magnus pathway is linked to what?
endogenous analgesia system
35
T/F 5HT cells do not respond directly to noxious stimuli, but activate systems to selectively filter pain transmission?
true
36
The descending raphe obscuras pathway is directly linked to what?
command system for pattern generators.
37
what do descending raphe spinal neurons innervate?
interneurons and motor neurons in the ventral horn.
38
Overall, the raphespinal tracts act to do what?
control magnitude and timing of movement
39
overall, the reticulospinal tracts act to do what?
initiate compound movements
40
How do you make serotonin? How is it broken down?
tryptophan-->5HT---->5HIAA (broken down by MAO)
41
Lowering tryptophan in your diet can predispose you to what?
depression because you are not making enough serotonin
42
how can you check serotonin levels in the blood?
by testing the 5-HIAA levels
43
which serotonin receptors are linked to psychosis?
5HT 2a, 5HT 2c
44
which serotonin receptors are activated by migrane headaches?
5HT-1f,1b,1d
45
which serotonin receptor is the exception and uses the ligand gated channel instead of G protein pathways? What blocks this?
5HT-3 (ondansetron blocks this)
46
what removes serotonin from the synapse?
SERT (serotonin reuptake transporter)
47
If you inhibit SERT, what happens?
you increase extracellular serotonin levels
48
What is an SSRI?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (it allows more serotonin to be available helping with depression)
49
what is serotonin syndrome?
a life threatening emergency caused by hyper-serotonin states. This if often caused by drugs that promote serotonin release, or prevent re uptake and breakdown.
50
what are some cognitive effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?
mental confusion agitation headache coma
51
what are some autonomic effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?
``` shivering sweating fever nausea diarrhea ```
52
what are some somatic effects of hyper secretion of serotonin?
muscle twitching tremor insomnia
53
where is the locus ceruleus located?
Pons (mainly)
54
what is the sole source of NA for the cortex?
the locus ceruleus
55
what is considered to be the functional opposite of the 5HT raphespinal system?
The direct arousal system which is made up of the LC
56
In the inactive state, what is going on with the LC?
The LC is normally inactive during resting periods.
57
T/F THe LC neurons are synaptically coupled?
false, they are non synaptically coupled.
58
what activated the sympathetic CNS in response to a large threat?
the LC (locus ceruleus)
59
Where do norepinephrine fibers project?
everywhere just like the serotonin fibers.
60
when is the direct arousal system active?
only during wakefullness
61
when is the indirect arousal system active?
during wakefullness and during REM sleep
62
During an acute stress response, NA activates stress hormones through which pathway?
the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
63
depletion of NA often results in what?
depression
64
What happens in ADHD?
increased tonic firing rate of LC neurons
65
Too much NA release can lead to what?
mania
66
what makes NA? what is the limiting enzyme?
Tyrosine derived, and the key rate limiting enzyme is tyrosine hydroxylase.
67
T/F all receptors for NA are GPCR's/
True
68
what is the function of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors?
lower BP, | reduce symptoms of PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)
69
what is the function of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?
lower BP, calm ADHD habits, feedback for NA
70
where do you find the beta 1 adrenergic receptor?
cerebral cortex | heart
71
where do you find the beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
cerebellum | lungs
72
what happens if you give a beta 1 and 2 antagonist?
It can reduce: tremor agitation aggression
73
what things inhibit the NA re uptake transporter?
ecstasy amphetamines cocaine Ritalin
74
what 2 things break down norepi?
MAO | COMT (catechol-0-methyl transferase)

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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