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Neuro Unit 3 > 1 Hypothalamus > Flashcards

1 Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What splits the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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2
Q

T-F—The hypothalamus is relatively small, but it has the widest range of functions.

A

True- main interface between nervous system and endocrine and autonomic system.

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3
Q

Is the hypothalamus affected by strokes or tumors more?

A

tumors [also is affected by developmental disorders, infections, alcoholism and trauma moe]

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4
Q

What is the general function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

T-F the hypothalamus controls blood pressure and electrolyte composition?

A

True [drinking and salt appetites, blood osmolality and vasomotor tone]

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6
Q

T-F the hypothalamus does not regulate body temperature?

A

False- it does [thermogenesis and behaviors to seek warmth,cool]

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7
Q

Does the hypothalamus control energy metabolism?

A

Yes [feeding, digestion, metabolic rate]

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8
Q

Does the hypothalamus regulate reproduction?

A

Yes [hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation]

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9
Q

Does the hypothalamus control responses to stress?

A

Yes [blood flow to muscle and other tissues and secretion of adrenal stress hormone]

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10
Q

What is the normal level the hypothalamus tries to maintain called?

A

set point [set point can change under certain conditions]

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11
Q

What are some of the sensory inputs for the hypothalamus to sample?

A

blood, CSF and CNS input from viscera and skin

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12
Q

T-F the hypothalamus acts as both the set point device and the timer?

A

True- governs circadian rhythms too

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13
Q

What are the control devices or outputs the hypothalamus acts on?

A

autonomics, endocrine and behavioral systems

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14
Q

This is just a summary of main function under hypothalamic control–

A

temp, food/salt/water intake, sexual cycles, sex orientation, sexual milestones, circadian rhythms, sleep, body weight, stress

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15
Q

Clinical signs of hypothalamic pathology generally relate to alterations in what?

A

endocrine and autonomic function

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16
Q

What might changes in metabolism, growth, temp, appetites, sexual behavior, sleep and behavior point to?

A

hypothalamic pathology

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17
Q

T-F the hypothalamus surrounds the anterior 1/4 of the 3rd ventricle?

A

False- anterior 3/4

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18
Q

What is the anterior limit of the hypothalamus?

A

lamina terminalis

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19
Q

What marks the hypothalamus division with the brainstem?

A

PC-mamillary body line

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20
Q

About how many nuclei are in the hypothalamus?

A

about 15

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21
Q

Is it more critical to associate pathologies with hypothalamic nuclei or hypothalamic regions?

A

Regions (anterior, posterior, medial, lateral)

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22
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei- located immediately posterior to lamina terminals, anterior to the optic chasm, integrates sensory info to judge set point deviations, involved in thermoregulation, salt water intake and sleep?

A

preoptic nucleus

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23
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei- located adjacent to III ventricle, directly interfaces with endocrine and autonomics, glucose sensitive neurons?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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24
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei- laterally located above optic tract, has osmosensitive neurons, release of vasopressin?

A

supraoptic nuclei

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25
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei- located on midline above optic chasm, generates circadian rhythms for hormone release?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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26
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus is located in the anterior hypothalamus, differ in shape and cell number between men and women, distinct form found in a high proportion of gay men, thermosensitive neurons also located?

A

sexually dimorphic nuclei

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27
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei is located either side of III ventricle, one of the tuberal nuclei, involved in appetite and consumption?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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28
Q

What region of the hypothalamus is the widest region, extending from the infundibulum anteriorly to the mammillary body posteriorly?

A

tuberal region

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29
Q

What area when stimulated causes a desire to eat, and sends axons throughout the cerebral cortex and to the basal forebrain and amygdala to influence behavior?

A

lateral hypothalamic area

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30
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus regulates satiety-bilateral lesions produce huge appetite and aggression?

A

ventromedial nucleus

31
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus has a poorly delineated mass of small neurons dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus, appearing to be involved in regulating complex integrative control of growth, feeding, maturation and aspects of reproduction?

A

dorsomedial nucleus

32
Q

Where do all histaminergic axons in the CNS originate?

A

in the tuberomammillary nucleus

33
Q

What roles does histamine in the CNS largely play?

A

wakefulness, sleep and circadian rhythm

34
Q

What 5 key white matter bundles are associated with the hypothalamus?

A 
fornix
mammillothalamic tract
mammillotegmental tract
medial forebrain bundle
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
35
Q

What connects the mammillary bodies with the hippocampal formation?

A

fornix

36
Q

What shows significant damage in Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

fornix and mamillary bodies

37
Q

What tract link the mammillary bodies with the anterior thalamus?

A

Mammillothalamic tract

38
Q

What tract links the mammillary bodies to the dorsal midbrain?

A

mammillotegmental tract

39
Q

What diffuse longitudinal fiber runs through the lateral hypothalamus connecting the hypothalamus to the brainstem below, with the basal forebrain, amygdala and the cerebral cortex above?

A

medial forebrain bundle

40
Q

What tract in the hypothalamus when effected is thought to affect appetite as it contains lateral hypothalamic fibers?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

41
Q

What tract is the bundle of fibers running from the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

42
Q

What released at the median eminence from the arcuate nucleus regulates the secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland?

A

dopamine

43
Q

Where is the pituitary fixed in place?

A

sella turcica

44
Q

Is the optic chiasm more likely damaged by pituitary tumors or hypothalamic tumors?

A

pituitary tumors

45
Q

Damage to optic chasm leads to what hallmark presentation?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

46
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of hypothalamic sensory inputs?

A

neural and chemosensory

47
Q

True or false- a select population of photo-censitive rods or cones send axons to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

False- not rods or cones but photo-sensitive retinal ganglion cells do this.

48
Q

Is the olfactory system input to hypothalamus direct or indirect?

A

indirect

49
Q

What hypothalamic input or pathway sends thermal and some nociceptive info from skin and deep tissues ?

A

spinohypothalamic pathway through the spinothalamic system

50
Q

Where does viscerosensory input to the hypothalamus come from?

A

axons arising from the NTS

51
Q

Do most hypothalamic neurons have hormone receptors?

A

Yes

52
Q

Are many hypothalamic neurons sensitive to circulating metabolites?

A

Yes

53
Q

What are specialized structures that lack a blood brain barrier?

A

circumventricular organs—[thought to sample blood and CSF and transfer info to hypothalamus]

54
Q

What CVO is sensitive to CSF angiotensin II?

A

subfornical organ

55
Q

what CVO is sensitive to serum osmolality?

A

vascular organ of the lamina terminalis

56
Q

What is thought to be the main site where hormones, peptides and other signaling molecules cross the blood brain barrier to reach the hypothalamus?

A

median eminence

57
Q

What are the major output structures of the hypothalamus?

A

anterior pituitary
posterior piuitary
pre-ganglionic autonomic efferents
[also sens axons throughout the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala]

58
Q

What is control over anterior pituitary exerted by?

A

releasing hormones created by small neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus [release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary]

59
Q

At the median eminence where are releasing hormones released into?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system of blood vessels

60
Q

What is another name for hypothalamic neurosecretory cells?

A

parvocellular (stars)

61
Q

What do the magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei synthesize?

A

vasopressin (ADH)
oxytocin
[axons travel in infundibulum to the POSTERIOR PITUITARY]

62
Q

Loss of vasopressin will lead to what?

A

large volumes of weak urine

63
Q

Does the hypothalamus project directly to the paraSNA, SNA, and autonomic pattern generators?

A

Yes—but only a few of the hypothalamic nuclei connect in these ways

64
Q

What do the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamus all connect with?

A

autonomic areas

65
Q

What do autonomic axons from hypothalamus to the brainstem travel in?

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus- located in PAG [descending hypothalamic tracts and ascending visceral sensory axons]

66
Q

Where does the hypothalamospinal pathway descend in?

A

central tegmental tract

67
Q

What allows for highly integrated and selective responses of the autonomic nervous system to regulatory needs?

A

combination of hypothalamic center and autonomic pattern generators

68
Q

What hypothalamic area is major player in regards to behavior?

A

LHA [posterior region especially]

69
Q

mesopontine cholinergic cells effect?

A

consiousness

70
Q

ventral segmental area (dopamine) effect what behavior?

A

motivation

71
Q

locus ceruleus (norepinephrine) effect what behavior?

A

vigilance

72
Q

midbrain dorsal raphe (serotonin) effect what behavior?

A

mood

73
Q

tuberomammillary nucleus (histamine) effect what behavior?

A

wakefulness

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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