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Neuro Unit 3 > 2 Hypothalamus II > Flashcards

2 Hypothalamus II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main pattern generator for thermogenesis?

A

nucleus raphe pallidus

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2
Q

What do thermogenic neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus receive inhibitory inputs from? excitatory?

A
  • -heat sensitive anterior hypothalamus

- -cold sensitive posterior hypothalamus

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3
Q

What does the medial pre optic area send inhibitory neurons to during warmth sensing?

A

Inhibits the raphe pallidus and the dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus with GABA

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4
Q

What does the dorsomedial hypothalamus do when it senses cold ?

A

excites the raphe pallidus

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5
Q

Where are heat sensitive neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus?

A

medial preoptic area

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6
Q

Increases in core temperature lead to inhibition of the raphe pallidus and activation of what?

A

endocrine/specific autonomic responses (cooling the body–sweating, decreased metabolism, peripheral vasodilation)

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7
Q

Excitement of of RPa leads to what?

A

SELECTIVE sympathetics–peripheral vasoconstriction and piloerection, inhibition of sweating,

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8
Q

Lesions affecting the anterior hypothalamus lead to what?

A

hyperthermia

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9
Q

Lesions to the posterior hypothalamus lead to what?

A

hypothermia (body temperature matching the surrounding)

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10
Q

What neurons are sensitive to circulating pyrogens and promote thermogenesis by raising the set point for warm response?

A

medial preoptic area

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11
Q

What special receptor does medial pre optic area neurons have for fever production?

A

EP3 receptor activated by prostaglandin 2 produced in the capillary walls

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12
Q

What are cyclical behaviors entrained to the daily light-dark cycle?

A

circadian rhythms

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13
Q

What nucleus acts as an endogenous circadian oscillator?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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14
Q

What is the most important external timing cue for circadian rhythms?

A

light

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15
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus receive direct input from?

A

photosensitive retinal ganglion cells- retinohypothalamic tract

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16
Q

Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus project to?

A

extensively throughout the hypothalamus

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17
Q

what secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland–[suprachiasmatic nuc.–> dorsomedial hypothalamus—> hypothalamospinal pathway—> sympathetics—>pineal]

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18
Q

What is the brains expression of darkness?

A

melatonin

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19
Q

What is production of melatonin inhibited by?

A

light

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20
Q

Does the total melatonin production decrease or increase with age?

A

decreasese- nightly schedule of peak production shifts to earlier in the evening

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21
Q

What does melatonin act through?

A

melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2

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22
Q

Review of all the things melatonin acts on–

A 
thyroid
liver
pancreatic islets to inhibit insulin
adrenal cortex
kidney
pituitary
and suprachiasmatic nucleus
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23
Q

What does disruption of cyclic release of melatonin through travel and artificial indoor lighting responsible for?

A

jet lag, sleep disorders, and seasonal affective disorder

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24
Q

What nucleus is active during sleep and reciprocally connected with the tuberomammillary nucleus TMN?

A

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus VLPO

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25
Q

What types of neurons does the TMN contain that project through the entire cerebral cortex and to components of the ascending reticular activating system for arousal?

A

histamine neurons

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26
Q

Two way reciprocal connection between TMN and VLPO create what?

A

switch that is in either the awake or sleep position

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27
Q

Do the VLPO have histamine receptors?

A

No–inhibited by GABA also made from TMN

28
Q

T-F—norepinephrine and serotonin released by axons from the locus ceruleus and median raphe nuclei excite the VLPO during the awake state?

A

False—they inhibit during awake state

29
Q

Neurons in the lateral hypothalamus around the fornix are active during wakefulness—their neurons contain what?

A

orexin peptides [which keep the awake switch on and is absent in patients with narcolepsy]

30
Q

The SCN regulates the timing of sleep, but does it directly effect sleep itself?

A

no

31
Q

Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus effect sleep in what way?

A

insomnia

32
Q

Damage to the posterior hypothalamus leads to what sleep problems?

A

sleepiness

33
Q

Besides sleep, orexin-containing neurons under normal circumstances will generate what? projects to where for motivation?

A

an appetite and projects to basal forebrain dealing with motivation

34
Q

The hypothalamus controls food intake by modulating which part of the hypothalamus?

A

lateral hypothalamus [orexin containing] and further by influencing endocrine/autonomic function and behavior

35
Q

what does pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) do?

A

inhibit feeding

36
Q

The system in the arcuate nucleus promoting feeding uses what neurotransmitter?

A

neuropeptide Y [NPY]

37
Q

what receptors in the lateral hypothalamus are acted on by POMC to inhibit lateral hypothalamus LH? what does the effect have?

A

melanocortin receptors

satiety

38
Q

Mutations in MC4R are associated with what disease state?

A

obesity

39
Q

What does NPY do to MC4 receptor in the LH?

A

blocks the MC4 receptor and blocks the action of POMC neurons [NPY neurons also release GABA that block POMC]

40
Q

whate is ghrelin to NPY neurons?

A

excitatory

41
Q

what hormone is produced in the duodenum and inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion and causes release of other digestive enzymes/

A

cholecystokinin

42
Q

does cholecystokinin inhibit the POMC and act as a hunger suppressant?

A

no- it excites it and suppresses hunger

43
Q

what is an important signaling protein produced by white fat and tells the brain how much energy is available

A

leptin

44
Q

can loss of inhibition of feeding by obese individuals be due to leptin resistance?

A

yes

45
Q

T-F—insulin modulates effects of ghrelin and leptin but does not have a glucoregulatory function on the hypothalamus?

A

false– it does have a glucoregulatory function and controls glucose output by the liver

46
Q

does central norepinephrine or serotonin decrease feeding?

A

serotonin, the other increases feeding

47
Q

What nucleus plays a strong role in satiety by sending excitatory inputs to the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus?

A

ventromedial nucleus

48
Q

How is the strength of ventromedial nucleus to POMC neurons diminished?

A

by fasting

49
Q

Lesions of the lateral hypothalamus have what effect on eating?

A

abolish eating (aphasia) and drinking (adipsia) from destruction of orexin neurons

50
Q

lesions of the medial hypothalamus has what effects on eating…especially in the ventral part?

A

uncontrollable eating (hyperphagia) [can lead to people eating photographs of food]

51
Q

what is an eating disorder that may be caused by receptor function changes following a forced starvation? ghrelin carrier antibody affinity is effected, reducing ghrelin delivery to hypothal.

A

anorexia

52
Q

What are the 2 types of thirst the hypothalamus regulates?

A

volumetric and osmotic

53
Q

What type of thirst comes from the loss of body fluid.

A

volumetric thirst

54
Q

What part of the pituitary releases vasopressin?

A

posterior pituitary [baroreceptor –> NTS –> median preoptic area –> supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei —> posterior pituitary]

55
Q

Angiotensin II —> subfornical organ —> median preoptic area –> lateral hypothalamus —> ??

A

thirst sensation promoting drinking behavior and salt appetite

56
Q

What is activated in decreased serum osmolality and leads to osmotic thirst through the anterior hypothalamus to increase salt appetite via the lateral hypothalamus?

A

vascular organ of the lamina terminals (volt)

57
Q

Volt—> median preoptic area –> lateral hypothalamus —> ??

A

increased salt appetite

58
Q

what does destruction of the anterior hypothalamus due to drinking?

A

partial or total loss of desire to drink

59
Q

the hypothalamus can control what in order to modulate the baroreflex?

A

rostral ventrolateral medulla RVLM

60
Q

what portion of the pituitary is involved in reproductive function?

A

anterior pituitary

61
Q

what is the axis that controls the reproductive milestones and cycles?

A

hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis

62
Q

can the hypothalamus adjust its reproductive control from body mass signals, light signals and even stress?

A

yes

63
Q

Hypothalamic lesions can lead to what in sexual development?

A

advanced or arrested sexual development

64
Q

What neurons in the arcuate nucleus send axons to the medial pre optic nucleus and drive sexual behaviors?

A

pro-opiomelanocortin neurons

65
Q

T-F– the arcuate nucleus also sends dopaminergic projections to the median eminence during arousal and inhibits prolactin release? what cells release prolactin?

A

True- lactotroph cells

[prolactin leads to sexual gratification which counteracts dopamine]

66
Q

Lesions to the medial hypothalamus (ventromedial hypothalamus) can do what to sex drive? what other problems in general?

A

hypersexuality—uncontrollable hunger and rage

67
Q

Does a lesion to the hypothalamus produce one sign at a time?

A

No, often multiple signs with odd symptom patterns that aren’t intuitive

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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