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Neuro Unit 3 > 4 Basal Forebrain > Flashcards

4 Basal Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

what is located anterior and lateral to the hypothalamus and ventral to the putamen, globus pallidus and anterior commisure?

A

basal forebrain

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2
Q

what are the 2 major and closely related systems of the basal forebrain?

A

ventral striatopallidal system

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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3
Q

What system is viewed as the interface between limbic/motor and hypothalamus?

A

ventral striatopallidal system

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4
Q

What does the ventral striatopallidal system largely play a role in?

A

appetitive motor behavior–directing behavior for environmental stimuli
[positive reinforcement]

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5
Q

What system has an influence in the reinforcement learning system?

A

striatopallidal system [drugs of abuse are implicated here]

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6
Q

What system consists of GABA and cholinergic neurons organized in clusters scattered throughout the basal forebrain?

A

magnocellular corticopetal system

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7
Q

What does the basal magnocellular corticopetal system neurons innervate?

A

cortex, amygdala and hippocampus

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8
Q

What is believed to be in control of attention, cortical arousal and consolidation of memory?

A

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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9
Q

A dramatic decline of neuron numbers is seen in what system in alzheimer’s disease?

A

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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10
Q

The stratal region of the ventral striatopallidal system contains what structures?
What type of neurons?

A
  • nucleus accumbens, olfacotry tubercle, ventral part of putamen, and head of caudate
  • GABAergic medium sized spiny neurons
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11
Q

The pallidal region of the ventral striatopallidal system lies where?
is separated from glubus pallidus by what? is most like what segment of the globes pallid us?
What neuron type?

A
  1. -posterior to ventral striatum
  2. anterior commisure
  3. external segment
  4. GABAergic multipolar
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12
Q

The ventral palladium appears to be an extension of what?

A

GPe –[located below the anterior commisure

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13
Q

What type of Dopamine receptor is on an enkaphelin MSN?

A

D2

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14
Q

What type of dopamine receptor is on a medium spiny nerve with substance p and dynorphin?

A

D1

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15
Q

The ventral striatum sends axons where to?

A

ventral pallidum

substantia nigra pars retiulata

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16
Q

What are the main differences between the dorsal system and the ventral striatopallidal system?

A

Excitatory input comes from the limbic cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, and different thalamic locations

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17
Q

What is the pathway of the ventral striatopallidal closed loop?

A

anterior cingulate/ medial orbital frontal cortex—–> nucleus accumbens—-> ventral pallidum/subs nigra—–> thalamus MD—->back

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18
Q

What does the basic ventral striatopallidal open loop circuit connect?

A

frontal and limbic cortices and ventral striatum with the dorsal striatum

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19
Q

What provides an excitatory input to the nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons?

A

Orexin/hypocretin and other lateral hypothalamus neurons

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20
Q

T_F–intralaminar and ventral tier thalamic nuclei gives excitatory input to the ventral striatum?

A

false

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21
Q

T-f—the midline thalamic nuclei give excitatory neurons to the ventral striatum?

A

True

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22
Q

Dopaminergic input to the ventral striatum comes from where?

A

medial part of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area

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23
Q

What provides dopamine to many of the areas providing input to the ventral striatum? what is the whole of its output called?

A
  • ventral tegmental area

- mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

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24
Q

What does the ventral tegmental area receive a heavy input from?

A

orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

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25
Q

Neurons in the medial SN pars compact and the ventral tegmental area show responses to what?

A

positive rewards

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26
Q

What does the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway travel in?

A

medial forebrain bundle

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27
Q

The ventral striatum sends axons to 2 output areas in the ventral system…what are they? Is this direct or indirect?

A
  1. ventral pallidum and SN pars reticulata

2. can be indirect or direct via the medial sub thalamic nucleus and lateral hypothalamus

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28
Q

Proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y neurons in what nucleus control the activity of the lateral hypothalamus neurons?

A

arcuate nucleus

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29
Q

The ventral palladium and SN parse reticulate send projections to what portion of the thalamus?

A

mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

[pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic]

30
Q

What thalamic nucleus innervates the orbital, frontal, cingulate cortices which innervate the ventral striatum completing the loop?

A

mediodorsal

31
Q

The frontal cortices target striosomes in the dorsal striatum whose neurons innervate what?

A

SN pars compacta

32
Q

The ventral palladium sends axons to where in the midbrain?

A

pedunculopontine tegmentum

[this can influent the SNr, LH, MD thalamus, and reticule spinal pathways]

33
Q

The ventral striatum sends axons to all parts of what substantial nigra portion? And can hence regulate dopamine release to what areas

A

1 pars compacta

2. caudate, putamen, GP and amygdala

34
Q

What neurons in the lateral hypothalamus innervate the accumbens, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, amygdala, and VTA?

A

orexin

35
Q

What are orexin neurons activated by?

A

food and drug rewards

36
Q

When is dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens?

A

food or other +stimuli are encountered—->goal directed motor behavior

37
Q

Is dopamine more concerned with wanting or liking?

A

wanting —

[opiods in the NA are more associated with liking the food]

38
Q

The lateral habenula receives inputs from what?

A

pre optic area ventral palladium and lateral hypothalamus

39
Q

What do outputs of the lateral habenula targets? does it excite or inhibit?

A
  1. SN pars compacta and VTA

2. inhibits dopamanergic neurons

40
Q

What do lateral habenula neurons respond to?

A

negative unpleasant stimuli

41
Q

Damage to the ventral stiatopallidal system is thought to play a key role in what?

A

major psychoses and drugs addiction

42
Q

In depression, food, sex and social contact are no longer rewarding—what do we see an increase of activity in? what does this lead to?

A
  1. prefrontal and orbital cortex and ventral striatum

2. reduction of motivated behavior

43
Q

Diseases directly effecting dopamine production and stores of the orbital, medial frontal and ventral striatal blood structures are associated with?

A

depression

44
Q

Dysfunction in dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system forms a major part of the dopamine hypothesis of what disease?

A

schizophrenia

45
Q

Increased activity in the ventral stratum and parahippocampal regions, but decreased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex have been seen during what?

A

hallucinations and delusions

46
Q

typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs that ameliorate schizophrenic signs act on the what?

A

nucleus accumbens

47
Q

Lesions of what brain region lead to anorexia, hypodipsia and emaciation?

A

lateral hypothalamus

[loss of orexin neurons leads to excessive inhibition of feeding behavior]

48
Q

In the basal magnocellular corticopetal system- do GABAenergic neurons outnumber cholinergic neurons?

A

yes 2:1

49
Q

The basal forebrain has 3 clusters of cholinergic neurons– they are the horizontal diagonal band, nucleus basal is of meynert, and the medial septum/vertical diagonal band—order them from medial to lateral.

A
  1. medial septum/VDB
  2. HDB
  3. nucleus basal is of meynert
50
Q

The cholinergic neurons of what area are the major source of ACh in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala?

A

basal forebrain

51
Q

What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the hippocampus?

A

medial septum/ vertical diagonal band

52
Q

What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the olfactory bulb?

A

horizontal diagonal band

53
Q

What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the cerebral cortex and amygdala?

A

nucleus basalis group

54
Q

T-F–acetylcholine containing terminals from basal magnocellular neurons are found in all cortical layers and innervate all neuron types?

A

True

55
Q

T-F—Gaba containing terminals from the magnocellular neurons are found in all cortical layers and innervate all neuron types?

A

False- only contact inhibitory cortical neurons [influence can be large though]

56
Q

The orbitofrontal, cingulate, temporal, and parahippocampal cortices excitatory inputs only contact what magnocellular neurons?

A

GABAergic

57
Q

Ventral putamen and nucleus accumbens inhibitory inputs contact what magnocellular neurons?

A

cholinergic neurons

58
Q

Does the amygdala send inhibitory inputs or excitatory inputs to the magnocellular neurons?

A

inhibitory

59
Q

Does the VTA provide a mesolimbic dopamine system input to the magnocellular neurons?

A

yes

60
Q

What type of input does the locus ceruleus provide to the magnocellular neurons?

A

a noradrenaline excitatory input to cholinergic neurons

61
Q

The basal magnocellular corticopetal system has been associated with 3 basic functions…what are they?

A

cortical arousal, selective attention
modulating cortical plasticity

[roles seem to be related to release of ACh in the cortex]

62
Q

What is the major controlling influence over cholinergic neurons of the magnocellular corticopetal system?

A

inhibitory input from the nucleus accumbens

63
Q

Increased release of dopamine in the accumbens leads to what?

A

decreased inhibition on cholinergic neurons [increasing ACh release in cortex]

64
Q

Decreases in cortical ACH are associated with impairment of what? increases of ACh lead to what?

A
  1. sustained attention

2. hypervigilance

65
Q

T-F–increased ACh is an important factor in learning induced synaptic plasticity in cortex and hippocampus?

A

True

66
Q

Extensive loss of basal magnocellular cholinergic neurons is seen in many patients with?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

[responsible for the difficult of AD patients to form new memories and remain focused on tasks]

67
Q

What type of drugs ameliorate some of the AD symptoms?

A

cholinomimetic drugs

68
Q

What is found in cholinergic neurons innervating the hippocampus and cortex and may be necessary for neuron survival in these areas?

A

nerve growth factor

69
Q

The hyper vigilance and excessive focusing on inappropriate stimuli seen in many schizophrenic patients is believed to be due to what?

A

dopamine induced disinhibition of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons

70
Q

Habitual smoking leads to a sustained increase in what?

A

cortical acetycholine receptors —-[poor concentration is one of the major consequences of nicotine withdrawal]

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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