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Neuro Unit 3 > 4 Basal Forebrain > Flashcards

4 Basal Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

what is located anterior and lateral to the hypothalamus and ventral to the putamen, globus pallidus and anterior commisure?

A

basal forebrain

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2
Q

what are the 2 major and closely related systems of the basal forebrain?

A

ventral striatopallidal system

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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3
Q

What system is viewed as the interface between limbic/motor and hypothalamus?

A

ventral striatopallidal system

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4
Q

What does the ventral striatopallidal system largely play a role in?

A

appetitive motor behavior–directing behavior for environmental stimuli
[positive reinforcement]

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5
Q

What system has an influence in the reinforcement learning system?

A

striatopallidal system [drugs of abuse are implicated here]

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6
Q

What system consists of GABA and cholinergic neurons organized in clusters scattered throughout the basal forebrain?

A

magnocellular corticopetal system

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7
Q

What does the basal magnocellular corticopetal system neurons innervate?

A

cortex, amygdala and hippocampus

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8
Q

What is believed to be in control of attention, cortical arousal and consolidation of memory?

A

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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9
Q

A dramatic decline of neuron numbers is seen in what system in alzheimer’s disease?

A

basal magnocellular corticopetal system

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10
Q

The stratal region of the ventral striatopallidal system contains what structures?
What type of neurons?

A
  • nucleus accumbens, olfacotry tubercle, ventral part of putamen, and head of caudate
  • GABAergic medium sized spiny neurons
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11
Q

The pallidal region of the ventral striatopallidal system lies where?
is separated from glubus pallidus by what? is most like what segment of the globes pallid us?
What neuron type?

A
  1. -posterior to ventral striatum
  2. anterior commisure
  3. external segment
  4. GABAergic multipolar
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12
Q

The ventral palladium appears to be an extension of what?

A

GPe –[located below the anterior commisure

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13
Q

What type of Dopamine receptor is on an enkaphelin MSN?

A

D2

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14
Q

What type of dopamine receptor is on a medium spiny nerve with substance p and dynorphin?

A

D1

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15
Q

The ventral striatum sends axons where to?

A

ventral pallidum

substantia nigra pars retiulata

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16
Q

What are the main differences between the dorsal system and the ventral striatopallidal system?

A

Excitatory input comes from the limbic cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, and different thalamic locations

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17
Q

What is the pathway of the ventral striatopallidal closed loop?

A

anterior cingulate/ medial orbital frontal cortex—–> nucleus accumbens—-> ventral pallidum/subs nigra—–> thalamus MD—->back

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18
Q

What does the basic ventral striatopallidal open loop circuit connect?

A

frontal and limbic cortices and ventral striatum with the dorsal striatum

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19
Q

What provides an excitatory input to the nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons?

A

Orexin/hypocretin and other lateral hypothalamus neurons

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20
Q

T_F–intralaminar and ventral tier thalamic nuclei gives excitatory input to the ventral striatum?

A

false

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21
Q

T-f—the midline thalamic nuclei give excitatory neurons to the ventral striatum?

A

True

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22
Q

Dopaminergic input to the ventral striatum comes from where?

A

medial part of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area

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23
Q

What provides dopamine to many of the areas providing input to the ventral striatum? what is the whole of its output called?

A
  • ventral tegmental area

- mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

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24
Q

What does the ventral tegmental area receive a heavy input from?

A

orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

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25
Neurons in the medial SN pars compact and the ventral tegmental area show responses to what?
positive rewards
26
What does the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway travel in?
medial forebrain bundle
27
The ventral striatum sends axons to 2 output areas in the ventral system…what are they? Is this direct or indirect?
1. ventral pallidum and SN pars reticulata | 2. can be indirect or direct via the medial sub thalamic nucleus and lateral hypothalamus
28
Proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y neurons in what nucleus control the activity of the lateral hypothalamus neurons?
arcuate nucleus
29
The ventral palladium and SN parse reticulate send projections to what portion of the thalamus?
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus [pallidothalamic and nigrothalamic]
30
What thalamic nucleus innervates the orbital, frontal, cingulate cortices which innervate the ventral striatum completing the loop?
mediodorsal
31
The frontal cortices target striosomes in the dorsal striatum whose neurons innervate what?
SN pars compacta
32
The ventral palladium sends axons to where in the midbrain?
pedunculopontine tegmentum [this can influent the SNr, LH, MD thalamus, and reticule spinal pathways]
33
The ventral striatum sends axons to all parts of what substantial nigra portion? And can hence regulate dopamine release to what areas
1 pars compacta | 2. caudate, putamen, GP and amygdala
34
What neurons in the lateral hypothalamus innervate the accumbens, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, amygdala, and VTA?
orexin
35
What are orexin neurons activated by?
food and drug rewards
36
When is dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens?
food or other +stimuli are encountered---->goal directed motor behavior
37
Is dopamine more concerned with wanting or liking?
wanting --- [opiods in the NA are more associated with liking the food]
38
The lateral habenula receives inputs from what?
pre optic area ventral palladium and lateral hypothalamus
39
What do outputs of the lateral habenula targets? does it excite or inhibit?
1. SN pars compacta and VTA | 2. inhibits dopamanergic neurons
40
What do lateral habenula neurons respond to?
negative unpleasant stimuli
41
Damage to the ventral stiatopallidal system is thought to play a key role in what?
major psychoses and drugs addiction
42
In depression, food, sex and social contact are no longer rewarding---what do we see an increase of activity in? what does this lead to?
1. prefrontal and orbital cortex and ventral striatum | 2. reduction of motivated behavior
43
Diseases directly effecting dopamine production and stores of the orbital, medial frontal and ventral striatal blood structures are associated with?
depression
44
Dysfunction in dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system forms a major part of the dopamine hypothesis of what disease?
schizophrenia
45
Increased activity in the ventral stratum and parahippocampal regions, but decreased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex have been seen during what?
hallucinations and delusions
46
typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs that ameliorate schizophrenic signs act on the what?
nucleus accumbens
47
Lesions of what brain region lead to anorexia, hypodipsia and emaciation?
lateral hypothalamus | [loss of orexin neurons leads to excessive inhibition of feeding behavior]
48
In the basal magnocellular corticopetal system- do GABAenergic neurons outnumber cholinergic neurons?
yes 2:1
49
The basal forebrain has 3 clusters of cholinergic neurons-- they are the horizontal diagonal band, nucleus basal is of meynert, and the medial septum/vertical diagonal band---order them from medial to lateral.
1. medial septum/VDB 2. HDB 3. nucleus basal is of meynert
50
The cholinergic neurons of what area are the major source of ACh in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala?
basal forebrain
51
What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the hippocampus?
medial septum/ vertical diagonal band
52
What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the olfactory bulb?
horizontal diagonal band
53
What basal forebrain cholinergic group provides ACh to the cerebral cortex and amygdala?
nucleus basalis group
54
T-F--acetylcholine containing terminals from basal magnocellular neurons are found in all cortical layers and innervate all neuron types?
True
55
T-F---Gaba containing terminals from the magnocellular neurons are found in all cortical layers and innervate all neuron types?
False- only contact inhibitory cortical neurons [influence can be large though]
56
The orbitofrontal, cingulate, temporal, and parahippocampal cortices excitatory inputs only contact what magnocellular neurons?
GABAergic
57
Ventral putamen and nucleus accumbens inhibitory inputs contact what magnocellular neurons?
cholinergic neurons
58
Does the amygdala send inhibitory inputs or excitatory inputs to the magnocellular neurons?
inhibitory
59
Does the VTA provide a mesolimbic dopamine system input to the magnocellular neurons?
yes
60
What type of input does the locus ceruleus provide to the magnocellular neurons?
a noradrenaline excitatory input to cholinergic neurons
61
The basal magnocellular corticopetal system has been associated with 3 basic functions…what are they?
cortical arousal, selective attention modulating cortical plasticity [roles seem to be related to release of ACh in the cortex]
62
What is the major controlling influence over cholinergic neurons of the magnocellular corticopetal system?
inhibitory input from the nucleus accumbens
63
Increased release of dopamine in the accumbens leads to what?
decreased inhibition on cholinergic neurons [increasing ACh release in cortex]
64
Decreases in cortical ACH are associated with impairment of what? increases of ACh lead to what?
1. sustained attention | 2. hypervigilance
65
T-F--increased ACh is an important factor in learning induced synaptic plasticity in cortex and hippocampus?
True
66
Extensive loss of basal magnocellular cholinergic neurons is seen in many patients with?
Alzheimer's disease | [responsible for the difficult of AD patients to form new memories and remain focused on tasks]
67
What type of drugs ameliorate some of the AD symptoms?
cholinomimetic drugs
68
What is found in cholinergic neurons innervating the hippocampus and cortex and may be necessary for neuron survival in these areas?
nerve growth factor
69
The hyper vigilance and excessive focusing on inappropriate stimuli seen in many schizophrenic patients is believed to be due to what?
dopamine induced disinhibition of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
70
Habitual smoking leads to a sustained increase in what?
cortical acetycholine receptors ----[poor concentration is one of the major consequences of nicotine withdrawal]

Neuro Unit 3 (9 decks)

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