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PL3244 > 6. Sexuality > Flashcards

6. Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescent developmental transition functions as a bridge between the ____ of childhood and fully developed _____ identity of adulthood.

A

sexuality; sexual

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2
Q

What is the gender intensification hypothesis?

A

Pubertal changes can lead boys and girls to conform to traditional masculine and feminine behaviors.

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3
Q

How do different societies promote different expectations of sexuality?

A

some societies promote sexual experimentation, other societies are more conservative

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4
Q

How might the brain development explain adolescents’ risky sexual behaviours?

A

The prefrontal cortex (self-control, reasoning) may not have developed to a point to which it can adequately control the adolescent’s sexual feelings and passions (limbic system).

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5
Q

How are parenting factors related to adolescent sexual problems?

A

intense prolonged conflict; lack of parental monitoring associated with adolescent sexual problems (eg. early sexual intercourse, multiple partners)

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6
Q

Worldwide what is the general trend of sexual culture?

A

Towards greater sexual permisiveness

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7
Q

In what ways do society send mixed messages about sex?

A

telling girls not to have sex but encouraging boys to have sex by portraying it positively.

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8
Q

What are 2 kinds of sexual messages conveyed by the media?

A

1) stereotypical sexual roles – women as sexual objects, men as sex-driven players
2) courtship treated as competition and manipulation in a game

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9
Q

students who watched more explicit TV shows were more likely to:

A

1) initiate sexual intercourse in the next 12 months
2) endorse sexual stereotypes
3) have higher risk of pregnancy

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10
Q

What is one trend in which adolescents and emerging adults are finding out about sexuality?

A

Increasingly using the internet as a resource for information. But sexual health websites show that quality of information was low (eg. author’s credentials)

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11
Q

What is sexting?

A

Sending sexually explicit images, videos, or text messages via electronic communication.

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12
Q

What is the trend for media content (eg. TV, films, music, internet)?

A

Becoming increasingly explicit. Yet information about abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control are rarely included in these media outlets.

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13
Q

What does it mean to develop a sexual identity?

A

1) learning to manage sexual feelings such as sexual arousal and attraction
2) developing new forms of intimacy
3) learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
4) developing a sexual orientation

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14
Q

Sexual identity emerges in the context of _____ factors, ____ factors, and ____ factors.

A

physical - puberty and hormonal changes
social - social norms related to sex (eg. peers)
cultural - conservative or liberal

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15
Q

What are the 4 variations of sexual identity of adolescents?

A

1) virgin and sexually naive
2) high anxiety about sex and perceived their bodies as underdeveloped and unappealing
3) low anxiety about sex and interest in exploring sexual options
4) felt sexually attractive, was sexually experienced, and have confidence in their ability to manage sexual situations

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16
Q

What are some challenges of researching about adolescent sexuality? (3)

A

1) some individuals are reluctant to provide candid answers to extremely personal questions
2) some individuals simply refuse to talk to strangers about sex
3) giving socially desirable answers

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17
Q

How might adolescents give socially desirable answers regarding their sexuality?

A

boys may exaggerate their sexual experiences, while girls downplay their sexual experiences so they won’t be seen as promiscuous.

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18
Q

Adolescents from low SES backgrounds were characterised by ____ sexual initiation

A

earlier

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19
Q

What are the benefits of oral sex compared to vaginal sex?

A

1) no risk of pregnancy

2) fewer negative outcomes (but still not completely risk free form STIs)

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20
Q

Adolscents who engaged in oral sex were less likely to: (4)

A
  • become pregnant or incur a sexually transmitted infection
  • feel guilty or used
  • have their relationship deteriorate
  • get into trouble with their parents about sex
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21
Q

Adolescents who engaged in oral sex were more likely to: (3)

A
  • report experiencing pleasure
  • feel good about themselves
  • have their relationship improve
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22
Q

How does culture influence age of sexual initiation?

A

Asian culture and values tend to be more conservative, and first intercourse occurs much later

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23
Q

What is a sexual script?

A

A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave sexually. By the time individuals reach adolescence, they have been socialized to follow different sexual scripts.

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24
Q

Female adolscents are more likely to link sexual intercourse with ___.

A

Love.

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25
Q

Give an example of a sexual script.

A

Male making sexual advances and female setting limits on the male’s sexual overtures.

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26
Q

Describe the double standard for girls and boys when it comes to sexuality.

A

Girls are restricted from experiencing and talking about sexuality. Boys allowed free rein.

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27
Q

Do adolscent girls recognise the sexual double standard placed on boys and girls?

A

Yes. but support or acceptance in their close friend network served as a buffer against the double standard

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28
Q

Describe the sexual script with regard to sex drive.

A

Males are always ready for sex, women inhibit their sexual expression.

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29
Q

Describe the sexual script with regard to physical and emotional sex.

A

Men take a physical approach to sex, women have an emotional/relational approach to sex

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30
Q

Describe the sexual script with regard to sexual performance.

A

Men and women should both be sexually skilled and knowledgeable. Agreement that women should esp have oral sex skills.

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31
Q

Describe the sexual script with regard to sexual initiation and gateway.

A

Men initiate sex, women are gatekeepers (set limits).

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32
Q

Describe the sexual script with regard to sexual evaluation.

A

Women who appear sexual are judged negatively, while men are rewarded for being sexual. But note negative judgment of men who come across as TOO sexual and engage in casual sex with diff women,

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33
Q

What are some risk factors for early sexual activity?

A

1) low SES and neighbourhood poverty
2) ethnic minority status
3) family - caregiver hostility and conflict
4) deviant peers
5) poor academic achievement
6) males who play sports
7) attention problems
8) weak self-regulation; impulsiveness (controlling emotions and behavior)

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34
Q

What are some risk factors for early sexual activity?

A

1) prosocial norms – provide information about norms, peers and older youth communicate prosocial norms
2) spirituality – being religious or believing in a higher power

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35
Q

Casual sex is ___ common in emerging adulthood than late adolescence.

A

more (“hooking up”; “friends with benefits”)

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36
Q

Having causal sex was _____ linked to wellbeing and ________ related to psychological distress.

A

negatively

positively

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37
Q

Individuals who are sexually active early engage in ____ risky sexual behaviors in emerging adulthoods.

A

more

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38
Q

What are some predictors of risky sexual behavior in emerging adults?

A
  • education level
  • religiousness
  • alcohol consumption
  • parent child closeness
  • frequency of viewing pornograph
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39
Q

What are some gender differences in sexuality?

A

Men reported engaging more often in masturbation, pornography use, and casual sex, and they expressed more permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts

40
Q

Is sexual orientation fixed?

A

Nope. Common for individuals to engage in same-sex experimentation in adolescence but not to engage in same-sex behavior as an adult, vice versa.

41
Q

What do twin studies suggest about the biological basis of sexual orientation?

A

although genes likely play a role in sexual orientation, they are not the only factor. likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.

42
Q

What does the developmental milestone approach suggest about development of sexual orientation?

A

Gays and lesbians quietly struggling with same-sex attractions in childhood, do not engage in heterosexual dating, and gradually recognise they are gay or lesbian in mid to late adolescence

43
Q

Do all sexual minority adolescents follow the developmental milestone pathway?

A

Some follow this pathway, others do not. Some show omre fluidity than the milestone approach suggests.

44
Q

In what ways are homosexual and heterosexual youths similar?

A

friendship quality, academic orientation, perception of school climate

45
Q

Comparing homosexuals vs heterosexuals vs bisexual youths, which group has the most negative outcomes?

A

bisexual adolescents. most negative results – relationship with parents, psychological functioning, victimization

46
Q

Non-heterosexual adolescents have poorer relationships with parents, poorer psychological functioning and are more likely to experience victimisation. What does this suggest?

A

Suggest that non-heterosexual adolescents face certain risks and challenges in their lives.

47
Q

What is homophobia?

A

irrational negative feelings against individuals who have same-sex attractions. associated with avoidance, faulty beliefs, and subtle/overt discrimination.

48
Q

What is passing with regard to non-heterosexual adolescents?

A

the process of hiding one’s real social identity. without adequate support, and with fear of stigmatization, many gay and lesbian youth retreat to the closet and then emerge at a safer time later, often in college.

49
Q

In what ways are non-heterosexual adolescents more likely to be targeted for violence?

A
  • forced sex, dating violence, verbal and physical harassment at school and the community
  • discrimination and rejection in families, peers, schools, and communities
50
Q

Are health-risk behaviors higher for sexual minority youth or heterosexual youth?

A

sexual minority youth (eg. attempted suicide, smoking, alcohol, drugs, sexual risk taking, weight management)

51
Q

Why do adolescents self-stimulate (masturbate)?

A

It’s a way of dealing with their insistent feelings of sexual arousal, acts as a sexual outlet.

52
Q

When do most boys have their first ejaculation?

A

About 12-13 years old.

53
Q

What results have been found between quality of sexual adjustment in adulthood and a history of masturbation during adolescence?

A

No association found

54
Q

Why might there be problems interpreting research data on masturbation?

A

Based on self-reports. more stigmatized for girls, so numbers may be underestimated.

55
Q

What are the 2 kinds of problematic sexual outcomes in adolescence?

A

1) teenage pregnancy

2) sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

56
Q

What are the 3 possible reasons why adolescent pregnancy rates in Canada/Europe are lower than the US?

A

1) childbearing is more strictly regarded as adult activity after completion of education
2) clear messages about sexual behavior. widespread societal expectation that sexual intercourse will take place within committed relationships, and that young people having sex will take precautions to protect themselves.
3) easier access to family planning services where they can receive confidential and nonjudgmental care.

57
Q

What are the 2 risk factors for teenage pregnancy?

A
  • low parental monitoring

- poverty

58
Q

Describe the possible intergenerational cycle between teenage mothers.

A

Daughters of teenage mothers are at risk for teenage childbearing, perpetuating an intergenetational cycle, and are more likely to become teenage mothers themselves.

59
Q

Why has nonmarital adolescent births increased dramatically? (2)

A

1) marriage in adolescence has become quite rare

2) pregnancy no longer seen as a reason for marriage in contrast with the days of shotgun marrriage.

60
Q

Compared to older women, are adolescent girls more likely or less likely to delay an abortion until 15 weeks of pregnancy?

A

more likely. medical risks associated with abortion increases significantly.

61
Q

What are some negative consequences of adolescent pregnancy? (3)

A

1) health risks for both baby and mother
2) adolescent mothers often drop out of school. they also tend to have a history of school problems, delinquency, hard substance use, and mental health problems.
3) adolescent mothers interact less effectively with their infants

62
Q

What kind of health risks are there for the baby in adolescent pregnancy?

A

infants twice more likely to be born preterm and have low birth weight, as well as neurological problems and childhood illness. low birth weight places the infant at risk for physical and mental deficits.

63
Q

In what ways do adolescent mothers interact less effectively with their infants? (2)

A
  • spend more time negatively interacting. less competent at child rearing and have less realistic expectations for their infant’s development
  • less time in play and positive interactions with their infants
64
Q

Describe one problematic family structure of adolescent families.

A

very few children with adolescent mothers have close relationships with the father.

65
Q

What kind of health risks are there for the pregnant adolescent? (2)

A

1) lack of prenatal care during first 3 months

2) more likely to have complications related to preterm delivery

66
Q

What are some ways we can reduce adolescent pregnancy? (5)

A

1) sex education and family planning
2) access to contraceptive methods
3) life options approach
4) broad community involvement and support (subsidized contraceptive counseling, media)
5) abstinence

67
Q

How does the ‘Baby Think it Over Doll’ help in sex education and family planning?

A

it’s a life size realistic baby doll that gives adolescents the opportunity to experience the responsibilities of being a parent. After this experience, the age at which adolescents wanted to have their first child increased, adolescents show greater interest in career and educational planning, and it raised awareness of how having a baby might interfere with those plans.

68
Q

How does the life options approach help to reduce adolescent pregnancy?

A
  • help high-risk adolescents look to the future and see that they have opportunity to become successful
  • give adolescents the opportunities to improve their academic and career-related skills
69
Q

What are the 2 ways community involvement and support can help reduce adolescent pregnancy?

A

1) contraceptive counseling at government-sponsored clinics

2) media should educate the public about good sex practices

70
Q

What are 3 common misperceptions on STIs?

A

1) always happens to someone else
2) can be easily cured without any harm done
3) too disgusting for a nice young person to hear about, let alone get.

71
Q

What are STIs?

A

Infections contracted primarily through sexual contact. They are caused by viruses and bacteria. (vaginal, oral, anal).

72
Q

What is AIDS caused by?

A

Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system. Following exposure to HIV, an individual is vulnerable to germs that a normal immune system could destroy.

73
Q

What are the highest risk groups for AIDS?

A

1) drug users
2) individuals with other STIs
3) gay males – penile anal sex involves a higher risk of microscopic tearing and therefore blood-semen contact
4) women with bisexual partners

74
Q

How to reduce HIV?

A

1) increase condom use
2) reduce or delay penetrative sex
3) increase partner communication skills involving safe sex
4) enabling environment (keep girls in school)
5) Age-appropriate sex education and knowledge about how to access information and services
6) social support (promote caring relationships with adults)

75
Q

What was linked to lack of sexual assertiveness in females?

A
  • poor grades in school

- sexual inexperience

76
Q

Almost 20% of females felt they did not have adequate sexual rights. What rights does this refer to? (5)

A
  • rights to say no to sexual intercourse when they dont wish to
  • rights to tell a partner he is being too rough
  • rights to use any form of birth control during intercourse
  • rights to say they want to make love differently
  • to stop foreplay at any time including the point of intercourse
77
Q

What is rape?

A

forcing someone into sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent.

78
Q

What are 3 common characteristics of rapists?

A

1) aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity
2) they are angry at females generally
3) they want to hurt their victims

79
Q

What is date rape/acquaintance rape?

A

coercive sexual activity directed at someone whom the perpetrator knows. increasing problem in high schools and college campuses.

80
Q

What kind of intervention are currently in place for date/acquaintance rape?

A
  • intervention that emphasize laws and consequences of dating violence and sexual harrassment
  • establishing boundaries & creating safe relationships
81
Q

What is the “red zone”?

A

A period of time early in first year of college when women are at especially high risk for unwanted sexual experiences

82
Q

What interventions are good for reducing sexual victimization? (3)

A

1) get males to recognise abusive behavior
2) promote gender equity attitudes
3) enhance intention to intervene when witnessing abusive behavior

83
Q

What are some consequences of rape for the victim? (4)

A
  • traumatic experience. shock and numbness is acutely disorganized. May express their distress through words, tears, or internalised suffering
  • possible depression, fear, and anxiety for a long time. suicidal attempts
  • sexual dysfunctions (eg. reduced sexual desire and inability to reach orgasm)
  • lifestyle changes (move to new apartment, or refusing to go out at night)
84
Q

What are some protective factors that can increase coping with aftereffects of sexual assault?

A
  • social support from parents, partner, and closed ones

- availability of professional counseling

85
Q

Does rape only happen to females?

A

NOPE. rape in boys and men also occur. usually in prison where men use homosexual rape to establish their domination and power within the prison.

86
Q

What are the different forms of sexual harrassment?

A
  • sexist remarks (crude jokes and gestures)
  • covert physical contact (brushing against bodies)
  • sexual assaults
87
Q

What are the 2 types of relationship abuse?

A

1) psychological abuse (name-calling, excessive stalking)

2) sexual abuse

88
Q

What is quid pro quo sexual harrassment?

A

sex for grades. when a school employee threatens to base an educational decision (grade) on a student’s submission to unwelcome sexual conduct. Can be so severe and pervasive that it limits the students’ ability to benefit from their education

89
Q

Why should sex literacy be improved?

A

currently adolescents are inundated with sexual messages but not sexual facts. This can misinform them and even sex education teachers display sexual ignorance.

90
Q

What are the most frequent sources of sex information?

A

friends, teachers, mothers, the media

91
Q

How early an adolescent initiates sexual intercourse depends on who they learn sex information from. Explain how so.

A

1) learn from parents, grandparents, religious leaders –> likely to delay having sexual intercourse
2) learn from friends, cousins, media –> increased likelihood of earlier sexual intercourse

92
Q

Which parent are adolescents more likely to talk about sex with?

A

mothers

93
Q

How do cognitive factors cause adolescents to engage in risky sexual behaviors?

A

developing idealism and ability to think in more abstract and hypothetical ways, some young adolescents may become immerse in a mental world far removed from reality. see themselves as indestructible and bad things cannot or will not happen to them. (adolescent egocentrism)

94
Q

Despite increasing cognitive capacities, why do adolescents still engage in risky sexual behaviors?

A

Although many adolescents have appropriate cognitive capacities, many do not use them, especially in emotionally charged situations (eg. when sexually aroused, or being pressured by a partner)

95
Q

How do beliefs about sex change over time developmentally?

A

young adolescents – depersonalised orientation. anxiety and denial.
middle adolescence – often romanticise sexuality
late adolescence – more realistic and future-oriented about sexual experiences

96
Q

What are sex education in schools focused on? (3)

A

1) Abstinence
2) Sex education that includes information about contraceptive use
3) Abstinence-plus programs that promote abstinence and contraceptive use

97
Q

Describe the Swedish model for sex education in schools.

A

Recommends that students gain knowledge to help them experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship. Primary school – foundations in reproductive biology.
Sec school – forms of contraception
teachers handle the subject of sex whenever it becomes relevant, regardless of the subject they are teaching. Idea is to ‘demystify’ sex so the familiarity will make students be less curious and less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy and STIs.

PL3244 (12 decks)

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