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PL3244 > 1. Introduction > Flashcards

1. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What does Plato argue about adolescence?

A

Reasoning only first appears in adolescence. Study science and mathematics.

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2
Q

What does Aristotle argue about adolescence? (2)

A

1) Self-determination as hallmark of maturity
Key themes: independence, identity, career choice
2) Egocentrism – thinking they know everything

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3
Q

What are Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s views on adolescence?

A

Enlightened view. Adolescent is not same as adult.
Curiosity should be encouraged
Mature emotionally; selfishness replaced by an interest in others

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4
Q

What view of adolescence did G. Stanley Hall propose? Describe it.

A

Storm-and-stress view. Based on darwin’s view that development is shaped largely by biological factors. Adolescence as a turbulent time of conflict and mood swings. Thoughts, feelings, and behaviour constantly oscillates (eg. Happiness & sadness; good intentions & temptation)

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5
Q

What view of adolescence did Margaret mead propose? Describe it.

A

Sociocultural view. In cultures with smooth and gradual transition from childhood to adulthood, little storm and stress occurred in adolescence period.

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6
Q

According to Margaret mead’s sociocultural view of adolescence, what features of cultures promote stress-free adolescence? (4)

A

1) Allow adolescents to observe sexual relations
2) Regard death as natural
3) Allow adolescence do important work
4) Let adolescents know clearly what their adult roles will be

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7
Q

What does the inventionist view argue about adolescence?

A

1) Contends that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. Concept of adolescence invented as a by-product of the movement to create a system of compulsory public education
2) Longer education required due to the need to acquire more specialised and higher order skills for employment

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8
Q

Who are millennials? What are 2 characteristics of millenials?

A
  • The generation born after 1980. Confident, self-expressive, liberal, upbeat, open to change
  • Ethnic diversity (more tolerant and open-minded) ; connection to technology (multitasking handheld gadgets)
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9
Q

Name 4 problems adolescents can face in today’s world. (EAPO)

A

1) Education and academic achievement
2) Alcohol abuse
3) Teenage pregnancy
4) Obesity

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10
Q

What are some stereotypes of adolescents?

A

Lazy; only think about sex; no moral values; have it too easy; self-centred; deviant

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11
Q

What are the stereotypes of adolescents based on?

A

generalization based on a limited, highly visible group of adolescents. Based on personal experience and media portrayals. Negative stereotyping is exaggerated and no evidence to support it.

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12
Q

Majority of adolescents have a positive self-image, contrary to negative stereotypes. Describe how so.

A

1) Self-confident and optimistic about their future
2) show positive feelings toward family and friends
3) felt they had the capacity to cope with life stressors
4) are capable to exercising self-control
5) valued work and school
6) express confidence in their sexuality

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13
Q

Why do adolescents sometimes display outrageous behavior and try on new identities?

A

Acting out and boundary testing are time-honored ways in which adolescents move toward accepting, rather than rejecting parenting values.

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14
Q

What does the Positive Youth Development (PYD) emphasize?

A

Positive psychology approach. Emphasize strengths positive qualities and developmental trajectories for youth.

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15
Q

How do youths display competence?

A

having a positive perception of their actions in domains of their life like social life, academic, physical health, career etc.

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16
Q

How do youths display confidence?

A

positive sense of self-worth and self-efficacy

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17
Q

How do youths display good connection?

A

positive relationships with others (family, peers, teachers, others in community)

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18
Q

How do youths display character?

A

Respect for societal rules, an understanding of right and wrong, integrity

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19
Q

How do youths display caring compassion?

A

showing emotional concern for others, especially those in distress

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20
Q

What constitutes social contexts?

A

Family, peers, school, neighborhood, community, region, nation

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21
Q

What does a developmentally attentive youth policy entail? (social context)

A

emphasize the family, neighborhood, school, youth organizations, places of work, and congregations as policy intervention points.

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22
Q

What roles can caring adults play for youth? (eg. teachers, mentors, coaches, neighbors)

A

Serve as role models, confidantes, advocates, resources. Help youth know that they are respected and they matter to the adult.

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23
Q

Why should we care about adolescents’ wellbeing?

A

Future of youth is future of our society!! Adolescents who don’t reach their full potential make fewer contributions to society and are less productive, diminishing our society’s future

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24
Q

What are adolescents most stressed about?

A

Their future

Not being able to pursue the vocational training or academic studies they desire

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25
Q

What are some health challenges in adolescents today?

A

Health compromising behaviors (drugs, unprotected sex puts them at risk for STIs)

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26
Q

What are some gender issues surrounding adolescents today?

A
  • Males still have greater access to educational opportunities than females (esp in LDCs)
  • females have less freedom to pursue variety of careers
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27
Q

What are some family trends today?

A

Smaller families, fewer extended-family households, increase in mother’s employment, parenting less authoritarian, more divorced/step families (US)

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28
Q

What are some issues surrounding adolescent schooling?

A

Many schools do not provide students with necessary skills needed to be successful in adult work.

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29
Q

What are the 3 kind of change processes that adolescents undergo?

A

1) biological processes
2) cognitive processes
3) socioemotional processes

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30
Q

What are the 3 kind of change processes that adolescents undergo?

A

1) biological processes
2) cognitive processes
3) socioemotional processes
(all 3 processes are intricately interwoven)

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31
Q

How do biological changes do adolescents go through?

A
  • physical bodily changes (height and weight gain)
  • hormonal changes from puberty (sexual maturation)
  • brain development
  • advances in motor skills
  • sleep later and wake up later
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32
Q

What cognitive changes do adolescents go through?

A

think more idealistically, abstractly, and logically.

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33
Q

What socioemotional changes do adolescents go through?

A

changes in emotions, personality, relationships with others, and social contexts

34
Q

A combination of ____, ____ experiences, and _____ experiences determines the course of adolescent development.

A

heredity
childhood
adolescent

35
Q

Most pubertal change occurs in ______.

A

10-13 early adolescence

36
Q

What are some important themes in late adolescence?

A

career interest, dating, identity exploration

37
Q

What are 4 key transitions signalling entry into and exit from adolescence?

A

1) puberty, sec school

2) completing school, first full time job

38
Q

Describe the socioemotional changes adolescents go through (6)

A

1) quest for independence, conflict with parents, want to spend more time with peers
2) conversations with friends become more intimate. more self-disclosure
3) Attend larger and more impersonal schools
4) achievement becomes more important. more academic challenges
5) greater interest in romantic relationships
6) more dramatic mood swings

39
Q

Why is the transition from childhood complex and multidimensional?

A

Because it involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that interact with each other.

40
Q

What age characterizes emerging adulthood?

A

18-25

41
Q

What are the 5 key features of emerging adulthood?

A

1) identity exploration
2) instability
3) self-focused
4) feeling in-between
5) age of possibilities

42
Q

Describe identity exploration in emerging adulthood.

A

Experimenting and exploring career paths, identities, lifestyle to adopt (eg. single, cohabit, married)

43
Q

How is emerging adulthood unstable?

A

Instability in work, love, education, residential changes.

44
Q

Why do emerging adults feel ‘in-between’?

A

they don’t consider themselves as adolescents or full-fledged adults. But over the course of 20s, they steadily increase their self-perception of being an adult.

45
Q

Why is emerging adulthood considered an age of possibilities?

A

opportunity to transform their lives for the better, especially if they had a difficult time growing up

46
Q

What are some common markers of entry into adulthood?

A

1) financial independence (having a job)
2) taking responsibility for oneself
3) marriage

47
Q

Which 3 types of assets are important for one to make a competent transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood?

A

1) intellectual development
2) psychological/emotional development
3) social development

48
Q

What intellectual knowledge/skills do adolescents need to make a competent transition to adulthood?

A
  • knowledge of essential life and vocational skills
  • critical thinking and reasoning skills
  • knowledge of cultures and how to navigate through multiple cultures
  • school success
49
Q

What emotional/psychological skills do adolescents need to make a competent transition to adulthood?

A
  • positive self-regard
  • emotional self-regulation and coping skills
  • conflict resolution skills
  • mastery motivation and positive achievement motivation
  • self efficacy
  • planfulness
  • sense of responsibility for oneself
  • optimism and realism
  • prosocial and culturally sensitive values
  • sense of purpose in life
  • strong moral character
50
Q

What social skills do adolescents need to make a competent transition to adulthood?

A
  • connectedness (good relationships with parents, peers, etc)
  • sense of integration (into community)
  • attachment to prosocial institutions (eg. schools, church)
51
Q

What is resilience?

A

Adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face of adverse circumstances

52
Q

What are some protective factors for individuals facing difficulties while growing up?

A

1) more intelligent
2) experienced higher parenting quality
3) less likely to have grown up in low SES circumstances

53
Q

Who are “late bloomers” and what were some turning point opportunities for them?

A
  • individuals who were still showing manipulative patterns in emerging adulthood but got their lives together by late 20s or early 30s
  • NS, marriage/romantic relationshpis, higher education, religious affiliations, work opportunities
54
Q

Why do some people argue that adolescence is taking too long?

A

in previous generations, adolescents were already expected to do many adult tasks, forcing them to develop adultlike maturity quickly. but many teenagers today are cut off from most responsibility, challenge, and growth-producing feedback of the adult world. No idea how to find a meaningful job, manage finances, or live independently.

55
Q

How to help adolescents grow up and become more mature?

A

1) provide them with opportunities to be contributors (quality internships)
2) give candid, quality feedback to adolescents
3) create positive adult connections with adolescents. teach them how to handle autonomy maturely
4) challenge them to become more competent. Ask them to do tasks just beyond their current level of ability.

56
Q

Developmentalists who emphasize experience describe development as __________.
Developmentalists who emphasize nature describe development as _________.

A

gradual and continuous

a series of distinct stages

57
Q

Key to development is the interaction between _____ and _____.

A

nature and nurture

58
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory argues that we develop in _____ stages. The primary motivation for human behavior is …

A

psychosocial

a desire to affiliate with other people.

59
Q

How many stages of development does Erikson’s psychosocial theory have?

A

8 stages

60
Q

What happens at east stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development?

A

A unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Crisis a turning point marked by increase vulnerability and enhanced potential.

61
Q

Name the 8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory.

A

1) trust vs mistrust
2) autonomy vs doubt
3) initiative vs guilt
4) industry vs inferiority
5) identity vs identity confusion
6) intimacy vs isolation
7) generativity vs stagnation
8) integrity vs despair

62
Q

Describe the 5th stage of Erikson’s psychoocial theory.

A

identity vs identity confusion
- if adolescents explore roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life, they achieve a positive identity. If not, they will have identity confusion.

63
Q

Describe the 6th stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory.

A

intimacy vs isolation

  • formation of intimate relationshpis
  • if young adults can form health relationships and intimate relationship with another individual, intimacy will be achieved. if not, isolation will result.
64
Q

According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, which 2 processes are involved for adolescents to construct their understanding of the world?

A

Organisation - organise their experiences. separate important ideas from less important ideas. connect one idea to another.
Adaptation - adjusting to new environmental demands

65
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory?

A

1) sensorimotor stage
2) preoperational stage
3) concrete operational stage
4) formal operational stage (adolescence - adulthood)

66
Q

Describe the formal operational stage of Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory.

A
  • adolescents start to think in more abstract and logical terms
  • idealistic (eg. ideal parent, ideal future)
  • more systematic in solving problems. hypothesis testing
67
Q

Describe Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory.

A

Emphasize more importance of social interaction and culture in cognitive developments (eg. language and mathematical systems of society)
Social interaction with more skilled adults and peers is important in cognitive development.

68
Q

What does the information processing theory argue about cognitive development in adolescence?

A

argues that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information, allowing them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills.

69
Q

What does the Bandura’s social cognitive theory argue about cognition.

A 
Emphasizes that cognitive processes have important links with the environment and behavior. 
Observational learning (imitation/modelling) -- learning occurs through observing what others do. Adolescents acquire behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others.
70
Q

Bronfenbrennor’s ecological theory argues that development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems. What are they?

A

1) Microsystem
2) Mesosystem
3) Exosystem
4) Macrosystem
5) Chronosystem
Focus on ecological and environmental contexts.

71
Q

Describe the microsystem.

A

immediate setting of adolescent. direct interactions with family, peers, school, neighbourhood. adolescent as an active agent constructing these settings.

72
Q

Describe the mesosystem.

A

the links and connection between microsystems

eg. family experience & peer experiences

73
Q

Describe the exosystem.

A

Indirect social settings that adolescents have no active role in. (eg. mum’s experiences at work –> adolescent’s experience at home. change interaction patterns within household)

74
Q

Describe the macrosystem.

A

culture - behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of society passed on from generation to generation.

75
Q

Describe the chronosystem.

A

Patterning of life transitions and sociohistorical circumstances

76
Q

What are the strengths of bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A
  • systematic examination of micro and macro dimensions of environmental systems
  • shows connections between the systems
77
Q

What are two ways of systematic observation that can be done in research?

A

1) laboratory observation

2) naturalistic observation

78
Q

What is cross sectional research?

A

studying different individuals of different ages and compare them.
Advantage: fast; duneed much time
Limitations: doesn’t track changes. and cohort effects.

79
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Studying same individuals over a period of time, usually a few years or more.
Advantage: can track stability and changes in development.
Limitations: expensive and time consuming. participants may drop out.

80
Q

What is ethnic glossing?

A

Using an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as more homogeneous than it actually is. Can result in samples not representative of the group’s diversity, which can lead to overgeneralisation and stereotyping.

PL3244 (12 decks)

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