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PL3244 > 2. Puberty, Health & Biological Foundations > Flashcards

2. Puberty, Health & Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 kinds of hormones?

A 
Angrogens - main class of male hormones (eg. testosterone)
Estrogens - main class of female hormones (eg. estradiol)
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2
Q

When testosterone levels rise, what physical changes appear in boys?

A

development of external genitals, increase in height, voice changes. sexual desire and activity

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3
Q

When estradiol levels rise, what physical changes appear in girls?

A

breast development, uterine development, skeletal changes. may or may not contribute to sexual desire and activity in girls

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4
Q

During puberty, BOTH boys and girls experience increase in BOTH testosterone and estradiol. True/False?

A

True! Take note: it increases in both genders, not just 1. Females also have androgens and males also have estrogens.

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5
Q

What happens to sex hormone levels in puberty?

A

Level of sex hormones is low in childhood and increases in puberty

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6
Q

What is adrenarche and gonadarche?

A

phases in puberty linked with hormonal changes

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7
Q

What happens in adrenarche?

A

adrenal glands start to secrete adrenal androgens. occurs at the beginning of puberty.

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8
Q

What happens in gonadarche? And when does it occur?

A

Comes after adrenarche by 2 years
maturation of primary sexual characteristics (ovaries in females, testes in males) and secondary sexual characteristics (public hair, breast, and genital development)

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9
Q

How does gonadarche appear in boys and girls?

A

boys – spermache (first ejaculation of semen)

girls – menarche (first menstrual period)

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10
Q

How does weight and body fat link to onset of puberty?

A

higher weight and higher percentage of body fat linked to early pubertal development.
Argued that a child must reach critical body mass before puberty. Puberty is said to be “metabolically gated” to prevent fertility when energy conditions are very low.

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11
Q

Adolescents living in urban areas reach puberty ____ than those in rural areas/LDCs.

A

earlier

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12
Q

What earlier experiences are linked with earlier pubertal onset?

A

Experiences associated with high rates of conflict and stress.
Adoption, father absence, low SES, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment

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13
Q

how does weight gain related height gain for adolescents?

A

they follow the same developmental timetable

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14
Q

How does onset of puberty affect one’s weight?

A

marked weight gain

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15
Q

How does puberty change girls and boys hip and shoulder width?

A

girls – spurt in hip widith.

boys – increase in shoulder width

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16
Q

How does puberty change girls and boys’ facial structure?

A

boys –become more angular

girls – become rounder and softer

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17
Q

What order does male pubertal characteristics develop in?

A

1) increased penis and testicle size
2) appearance of straight pubic hair
3) minor voice change
4) first ejaculation (spermache)
5) kinky pubic hair
6) height growth
7) armpit hair
8) detectable voice changes
9) growth of facial hair

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18
Q

What order does female pubertal characteristics develop in?

A

1) breast development
2) pubic hair appearance
3) armpit hair
4) height growth
5) hips become wider than shoulders
6) menarche
7) breasts become fully rounded

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19
Q

What is precocious puberty what is usually done to treat it?

A

very early onset and rapid progression of puberty. occurs more often in girls than boys. usually treated by using medication to suppress gonadotropic secretions, temporarily stopping pubertal change

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20
Q

Why do we treat precocious puberty?

A

precocious puberty may result in short stature, early sexual capability, and potential for engaging in age-inappropriate behavior

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21
Q

Why is puberty onset earlier nowadays?

A

due to improved health and nutrition

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22
Q

The psychological effects of puberty is stronger for girls or boys? and why?

A

Likely to be stronger for girls because they undergo more obvious pubertal changes than boys.

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23
Q

What is one psychological issue that adolescents may face during puberty?

A

body image issues. Body image issues are especially acute during puberty. More dissatisfaction with their bodies.

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24
Q

Throughout puberty, which gender tends to have more negative body images?

A

Girls tend to be less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images than boys.

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25
Q

Why do girls tend to have more negative body images during puberty?

A

increase in body fat and epxosure to media portrayals of attractiveness of being thin

26
Q

Boys become ____ satisfied as they move through puberty. Why?

A

more. increase in muscle mass.

27
Q

Both boys and girls’ body images become more ____ as they move through adolescence.

A

positive

28
Q

Why do many adolescents do body art such as tattoos or piercings?

A

want to be unique and express individuality. form of self-expression rather than rebellion. could also be markers of risk taking.

29
Q

How do adolescents who mature earlier or later than their peers perceived themselves?

A

They perceive themselves differently. Early maturing boys and girls tend to perceive themselves more positively and had more successful peer relations than late maturing ones.

30
Q

In their 30s, how do late-maturing boys fare compared to early-maturing boys?

A

They developed a more positive identity. Possibly because early-maturing boys focused too much on their physical status rather than paying attention to career and achievement.

31
Q

What negative life outcomes are early-maturing girls more vulnerable to?

A

smoking, drinking, being depressed, having an eating disorder, delinquency, struggle for earlier independence from parents, have older friends.
Earlier dating and sexual experiences –> unstable sexual relationships –> less likely to graduate from high school

32
Q

How should we evaluate the effects of puberty on the adolescent?

A

Evaluate the effects within the larger framework of interacting biological, cognitive, and socioemotional contexts

33
Q

Why might adolescents develop poor health habits?

A

because their health, strength, and energy is at its peak and they don’t see a need to take care of their health.

34
Q

What are some goals for adolescents to improve their health?

A

1) reduce health-compromising behaviors (eg. drug abuse, violence, dangerous driving, unprotected sex)
2) Encourage health-enhancing behaviors (eg. exercising, eating nutritiously, getting enough sleep)

35
Q

What factors are associated with LESS risk-taking behavior in adolescents?

A

1) community resources (youth activities)
2) social capital
3) better grades
4) parental monitoring and communication skills

36
Q

Which factor is associated with more risk-taking behavior in adolescents?

A

“hanging out” with peers in unstructured contexts

37
Q

Why do adolescents engage in risk-taking behavior?

A

later maturation of the prefrontal cortex than amygdala. prefrontal cortex is involved in reasoning, decision making, and self control. amygdala is involved in emotion.

38
Q

How to help adolescents satisfy their urge for risk taking without compromising health?

A

1) enforce laws more strictly and closely monitor adolescents behavior
2) expand access to mental health and contraceptive services
3) raise driving age

39
Q

How do emerging adults’ health compare to adolescents’ health?

A

tend to engage in more health-compromising behaviors (skipping breakfast, snacking, not eating regular meals, sleeping only a few hours at night), have more chronic health problems, and are more likely to be obese and have a mental health disorder

40
Q

How can parents influence adolescents’ nutrition?

A

1) food choices they make available to adolscents
2) serve as models for healthy or unhealthy nutrition
3) include adolescents in regular family meals (more frequent family meals associated with better dietary intake and better academic success)

41
Q

individuals become _____ active as they reach and progress through adolescence.

A

less

42
Q

adolescents were more likely to engage in regular exercise when …

A

1) want to present a positive body image to friends]

2) exercise was important to parents

43
Q

How does exercise help to buffer against stress?

A

lower rate of depression, higher self-esteem, improved self-image

44
Q

How is aerobic exercise linked to cognitive skills?

A

benefits for attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking and behaviour, and creativity. associated with higher academic achievement.

45
Q

What can parents do to encourage children to engage in regular exercise?

A

1) involve them in regular exercise and sports since their elementary school years
2) participate in physical activities with them

46
Q

Female adolescents’ physical activity was influenced by:

A

Both males and female friends’ physical activity

47
Q

Male adolescents’ physical activity was influenced by:

A

their female friend’s physical activity

48
Q

How can peers influence adolescents’ physical activity:

A

1) friend/peer support
2) presence of peers and friends
3) peer norms
4) friendship quality and acceptance
5) peer crowds affiliations
6) peer victimization

49
Q

How can schools encourage adolescents to engage in physical activity?

A

have PE lessons regularly. at least 3 times a week?

50
Q

What are the positive effects of engaging in sports?

A

1) physical health and wellbeing
2) selfconfidence
3) motivation to excel
4) ability to work with others
5) less likely to engage in risk-taking behavior

51
Q

What are the negative effects of engaging in sports?

A

1) pressure to achieve and win. performance oriented motivational climate focused on winning, receiving public recognition, and outperforming others. linked to self-centredness.
2) physical injuries.
3) distraction from academic work
4) unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete
5) use of performance-enhancing drugs (eg. steroids)

52
Q

What are the consequences of adolescents who got inadequate sleep (< 8h)?

A

likely to feel tired, irritable, fall asleep in school, depressed mood, have difficulty concentrating in class, drink caffeinated beverages

53
Q

Which gender was more likely to report getting less than 8h of sleep?

A

females

54
Q

How is sleep problems related to working memory?

A

lower level of working memory

55
Q

Why are adolescents getting so little sleep?

A
  • electronic media (blue wavelength light exposure slows down production of melatonin)
  • caffeine (high energy drinks)
  • changes in the brain where biological clocks undergo a shift delaying their wakefulness by 1-2h, coupled with early school start times (sleep debt worsens sleep problems)
56
Q

what are the 3 ways heredity and environment are correlated?

A

1) Passive genotype-environment correlation
2) Evocative genotype-environment correlations
3) Active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlations

57
Q

What is passive genotype-environment correlation?

A

Children inherit genetic tendencies from their parents, and parents also provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies. More important in infancy and childhood.

58
Q

What is evocative genotype-environment correlation?

A

Child’s genetic tendencies illicit stimulation from the environment that supports a particular trait.
Eg. happy child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others

59
Q

What is active (niche-picking) genotype environment correlation?

A

child actively seeks “niches” in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents in accord with their genotype. More important in late childhood and adolescence onwards.

60
Q

What is shared environmental experience?

A

siblings’ common experiences (eg. family’s intellectual orientation, SES, neighbourhood)

61
Q

What is non-shared environmental experiences?

A

adolescent’s unique experiences, both within the family (eg. parents interacting differently with each subling) and outside the family (friends, school)

PL3244 (12 decks)

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