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PL3244 > 5. Gender > Flashcards

5. Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of puberty in an adolescent’s gender attitudes and behavior?

A

Intensifies the sexual aspects/sexuality into their gender attitudes and behaviors

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2
Q

Sexual behavior is related to what aspect of puberty?

A 
Hormonal changes (at least for boys) 
Rising androgen levels
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3
Q

For girls, what played a stronger role than hormone levels in affecting sexual behavior?

A

Type of friends

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4
Q

What does Freud argue about sexual behavior?

A

Argues that human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes. Different reproductive roles result in different pressures on each gender. Gender and sexual behavior are instinctual.

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5
Q

What does Erikson argue about sexual behavior?

A

Extension of Freud’s argument. Argues that psychological differences between males and females stem from their anatomical differences.

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6
Q

What is a critic of Freud and Erikson’s anatomy is destiny argument?

A

Experience not given enough credit. Individuals have freedom to choose their gender roles!

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7
Q

What does evolutionary psychology argue about gender?

A

Emphasize that adaptation during human evolution produced gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors. Different roles in reproduction  face different pressures  different attitudes & behaviors

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8
Q

What kind of pressures did males face in reproduction?

A

Having multiple sexual partners improve the likelihood of passing on their genes. Natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies. As males competed with other males for females, they evolve dispositions that favor violence, competition, and risk taking.

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9
Q

What kind of pressures did females face in reproduction?

A

Females need to secure resources for their offspring, so they want to attract long-term mates who will help to take care of the family. Natural selection favored females who devoted effort to parenting and choose mates who could provide their offsprings with resources and protection. Females developed preferences for successful, ambitious men who could provide these resources.

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10
Q

What are 2 critics of the evolutionary theory of gender?

A
  • Little evidence

- Lack attention on environmental experiences

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11
Q

What does the social role theory argue about gender differences?

A

Gender differences result from contrasting gender roles in social experiences – social hierarchy & division of labor. Women have less power and status, so they adapt to it by showing more cooperative behaviors and less dominant behaviors.

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12
Q

How do parents differ in treating boys and girls in terms of independence?

A

Parents give sons more independence than daughters. monitor daughters’ behavior more carefully and ensure they are chaperoned because they are concerned about their sexual vulnerability. Families with adolescent daughters experience more intense conflict about sex, choice of friends, and curfews, than families with sons.

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13
Q

How do parents differ in terms of their achievement expectations for sons and daughters in areas like math and science?

A

Have higher achievement expectations for sons

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14
Q

How do mothers and fathers’ interactions differ in their interactions with their adolescents?

A

Fathers’ interactions focus more on leisure activities. Mothers’ interventions focus more on caregiving and teaching activities.

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15
Q

How do parents socialise their sons and daughters differently?

A

1) socialise daughters to be more obedient and responsible than sons.
2) place more restrictions on daughters’ autonomy.
3) engage in more activities and intellectual engagement with sons.

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16
Q

What does the social cognitive theory of gender argue?

A

Emphasize that adolescent’s gender development is influenced by their observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior, as well as the rewards and punishments associated with gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior.

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17
Q

How do siblings affect each other gender role perceptions?

A

younger siblings become more similar to older siblings in terms of gender role in early adolescence

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18
Q

How do peers influence one another’s gender role perceptions?

A

1) play settings as “gender schools” in childhood

2) peer approval or disapproval in adolescence

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19
Q

How does play settings act as “gender schools” in childhood?

A

1) boys teach one another the required masculine behavior and reinforce it
2) girls teach one another the required feminine behavior and reinforce it

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20
Q

In adolescence, how does peer approval or disapproval shape perception of gender roles?

A

accept or reject others on the basis of their gender related attributes. Peers extensively reward and punish gender behavior When individuals behave in sex-inappropriate ways, they tend to be criticized or ostracized by peers. When they behave in sex-appropriate ways, they tend to be rewarded.

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21
Q

In school settings, what are the kind of biases against boys? (2)

A

1) school personnel tend to stereotype boys’ behavior as problematic as they are less likely to comply, follow rules, and be orderly. Hence more likely to be criticised by teachers
2) majority of teachers a re females, which can make it difficult for boys to identify with their teachers and model their teacher’s behavior

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22
Q

In school settings, what are the kind of biases against girls? (3)

A

1) girls’ tendency to be compliant and quiet may result in diminished assertiveness
2) teachers often spend more time watching and interacting with boys, while girls work and play quietly on their own
3) boys get more instruction and more help when they have trouble with a question. They give boys more time to answer a question, more hints at the correct answer, and further tries if they give the wrong answer.

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23
Q

Why are many school personnel not aware of their gender-biased attitudes?

A

Because they are so deeply entrenched and supported by the general culture.

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24
Q

What are 2 advantages of single-sex education?

A

1) Eliminate distraction from the other sex

2) reduce sexual harassment

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25
Q

What are a disadvantage of single-sex education?

A

1) reduction in opportunities for boys and girls to work together in a supervised, purposeful environment

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26
Q

What are typical portrayals of females on TV shows and music videos?

A

“airheads” - concerned primarily with dating, shopping, and appearance. Uninterested in school or career plans.
Highly sexualised portrayals of women as sexual objects and subordinate to males.

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27
Q

How does the media shape gender-role perception in adolescents?

A

Adolescents increasingly watch adult programmes that include messages about gender-appropriate behavior. The media offers idealised images that adolescents can identify with and imitate. Men portrayed as more powerful, dominant, competent and autonomous.

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28
Q

How does the amount of time spent watching tv affect adolescents’ body images?

A

more time spent watching –> more negative body images

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29
Q

Compared to traditional media (eg. tv), how does social media fare in its influence on adolescents’ body image perceptions?

A

interactive format and content features might have a stronger influence on their body images, especially for adolescent girls.

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30
Q

What is gender schema theory?

A

states that gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture. Children and adolescents are internally motivated to perceive the world and act in accordance with their developing schemas.

31
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A

general impressions and beliefs about females and males. They are pervasive. (boys’ gender stereotypes are more rigid than girls)

32
Q

______ traits are associated with males and _____ traits are associated with females.

A

Instrumental (independent, aggressive, power-oriented)

Expressive (warm, sensitive)

33
Q

instrumental and expressive traits are unequal in terms of ____ and _____. Why?

A

social status; power
traditional feminine characteristics are very dependent and childlike. traditional masculine characteristics encourage competence and wielding of authority.

34
Q

What do the findings for gender differences in brain structure and function show?

A

The evidence is small or inconsistent. Gender differences in the brain might also not be directly linked to psychological differences.

35
Q

Which gender is better at self-control?

A

Females

36
Q

Between genders are there differences in overall intellectual ability?

A

nope. only in some specific cognitive areas.

37
Q

In what specific cognitive areas are there gender differences?

A

1) math and visuospatial skills (eg. mental rotation) males perform better than females. competence.
2) verbal abilities. females do better than males in reading and writing.

38
Q

Why might there be differences in math and visuospatial skills in males and females?

A

1) could be linked to parents’ and teachers’ gender biased expectations for children’s math competence
2) males play more video games
3) evolutionary. males were hunters and gatherers

39
Q

Why might there be a difference in males and females’ verbal abilities?

A

standardized tests might reflect other factors besides cognitive ability. can reflect motivation, family environment, or other socio-emotional characteristics.

40
Q

Gender differences in STEM careers tend to favor which gender?

A

males :(

41
Q

Which gender is more physically aggressive?

A

males

42
Q

When considering both physical and verbal aggression, do gender differences still exist?

A

nope! in fact, aggressive behavior may be more pronounced in girls than boys!

43
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

Involves harming someone by manipulating a relationship. (eg. spread rumors, ostracising someone). more prevalent amongst girls in adolescence.

44
Q

What are the two ways of communication in relationships?

A

1) rapport talk

2) report talk

45
Q

What is rapport talk?

A

Talk that establishes connections and negotiates relationship. Females enjoy rapport talk and relationship-oriented conversation more than boys do.

46
Q

What is report talk?

A

Talk that gives information (eg. public speaking). Males engage in more report talk because they enjoy verbal performances like storytelling, joking, and lecturing with information.

47
Q

What is the difference in play settings for girls and boys?

A

Boys play in large groups with hierarchy. Have a leader that tells others how to play. Have winners and losers. Boast about their skills and argue about who is best at what.
Girls play in small groups/pairs (best friend). Intimacy is pervasive. Turn-taking in games. sit and talk with each other, concerned about being liked by others than fighting for status in an obvious way.

48
Q

Girls tend to be more “____ oriented” and boys tend to be more “_____ oriented”.

A

people; things

49
Q

In what ways are girls more people-oriented?

A
  • girls spend more time in relationships
  • engage in more self-disclosure and provide more emotional support in close relationships
  • better at actively listening in conversation, - emphasize collaboration
  • interested in more people-oriented careers like teaching and social work
50
Q

In what ways are boys more things-oriented?

A
  • spend more time alone, playing video games, and sports
  • interested in object-related careers like mechanics and engineering
  • value self-assertion and dominance in their interactions
51
Q

Which gender engage in more prosocial behavior and show more empathy?

A

girls

52
Q

In terms of emotion and its regulation, how do females fare compared to boys?

A

females express emotion more readily and are better at decoding emotions than males. Boys show less self-regulation of emotions.

53
Q

What can low self-control of emotions translate into?

A

behavior problems like aggression, bullying, overreaction to frustration, low cooperation, and inability to delay gratification.

54
Q

Which domains do the largest gender differences occur? (3)

A

1) motor skills (favouring males)
2) sexuality (males masturbate more, and more likely to endorse sex in a casual, uncommitted relationship)
3) physical aggression

55
Q

How does helping behavior differ for males and females?

A
  • males more likely to help in contexts in which a perceived danger is present and they feel competent to help. (eg. fixing tire on the road)
  • females more likely to help in contexts involving little danger (eg. volunteering to help a child who is lost)
56
Q

How do males differ from females in terms of expression of anger?

A
  • males more likely to show anger toward strangers, especially other males when they think they have been challenged
  • males more likely to turn their anger into aggressive action.
57
Q

Which concept was proposed as a result of the burden imposed by stereotyped roles?

A

concept of androgyny (that individuals could show BOTH expressive and instrumental traits)

58
Q

What is androgyny?

A

presence of high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual. Can be a male who is both assertive and sensitive to others’ feelings. Can be a female who is dominant and caring.

59
Q

What are some characteristics of androgynous people?

A

1) more flexible and more mentally healthy
2) lower levels of stress
3) better health practices (eg. less smoking, safety belt use)

60
Q

In close relationships, what gender roles are more desirable?

A

feminine or androgynous (Expressive nature of close relationships)

61
Q

In academic and work settings, what gender roles are more desirable?

A

masculine or androgynous (require action and assertiveness)

62
Q

What is the trend for androgynous and traditional gender roles in modern societies?

A

increasing numbers of children and adolescents raised to behave in androgynous ways. decline in adoption of traditional gender roles.

63
Q

Is it easier to teach androgyny to girls or boys?

A

girls

64
Q

What do advocates of androgyny argue about traditional sex-typing?

A

argues that it is harmful for all students and has prevented many girls from experiencing equal opportunity.

65
Q

What is a critic of androgynous educational programmes?

A

too value laden and ignore the diversity of gender roles in our society

66
Q

What is the “national crisis of boyhood”?

A

When the “boy code” tells boys that they should not express emotion as they grow up. In many contexts (school, family, peers), they are socialised not to show their feelings and act tough.

67
Q

What can be done to alleviate the “national crisis of boyhood”?

A

should be socialised to express their anxieties and concerns rather than keeping them bottled up, and be taught how to better regulate their emotions.

68
Q

Boys who adopt ____ role is increasingly found to be associated with problem behaviors.

A

strong masculine role (behaviors associated with traditional masculinity often do not have social approval but they nonetheless validate the adolescent boys’ masculinity)

69
Q

What is gender role transcendence?

A

The view that when evaluating an individual’s competence, it should be conceptualised on a person-by-person basis rather than on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny.

70
Q

What does the gender intensification hypothesis argue?

A

Argues that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence due to increased socialisation pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles.

71
Q

Why might adolescence by a critical juncture and a difficult period in girls’ development?

A

Because in early adolescence, they become aware that the male-dominated achievement culture does not value their intense interest in intimacy, even though society values women’s caring and altruistic attitudes. Girls experienced a significantly greater drop in self-esteem during adolescence than boys

72
Q

Contextual variations influence the degree to which adolescent girls silence their “voice”. How so?

A

Public vs private: feminine girls silence their voice more in public contexts but not in private interpersonal relationships
androgynous girls reported a strong voice in all contexts

73
Q

Which kind of girls are at greatest risk?

A

those who buy into societal messages that females should not be seen or heard. they end up not only lacking a voice but also overemphasize the importance of appearance

PL3244 (12 decks)

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