6 Responding to Change- Homeostasis Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of the internal environment within an optimum range
Why does homeostasis need to control high temperature?
-Maintains optimum core body temp (approx 37c)
-If body temp rises above optimum range, enzymes denature
-Higher temp causes hydrogen bonds maintaining enzyme structure to break
-alters enzyme active site so enzyme can no longer catalyse reactions
Why does homeostasis need to control low temperature?
-If temp falls ↓ optimum range, enzyme activity declines
-decreased enzyme activity causes rate of important reactions like respiration to slow down
Why does homeostasis need to control blood pH?
-If blood pH rises ↑ or falls ↓ optimum range, enzymes denature
-Denatured enzymes can no longer catalyse important reactions
-optimum pH range = around 7 but some enzymes have very different optimum ranges
Why does homeostasis need to control high blood glucose?
-If blood glucose levels rise ↑ optimum range, water potential of blood ↓
-Low water potential in blood → water diffuses out of cells by osmosis, into blood
-cells become flaccid/dehydrated & die
-blood pressure also increases
Why does homeostasis need to control low blood glucose?
-If blood glucose levels fall ↓ optimum range, there isn’t enough glucose for respiration
-respiration rate ↓, energy levels ↓
What is negative feedback?
The mechanism that restores systems to the original level
What are the steps involved in negative feedback?
-Detect change; stimulus detected by receptors
-receptors (eg thermoreceptors) stimulated when level = too high/low (eg temp)
-receptors send signal to effectors though nervous system
-effectors counteract change
-negative feedback can only maintain internal environment within specific range. If change = too dramatic it may not be able to prevent it
How are multiple negative feedback mechanisms more effective? + examples
-more control; body can respond to multiple changes away from optimum (eg body temp can be reduced/increased by multiple mechanisms)
-Faster response; body can respond in more ways to change away from optimum (eg both shivering & vasoconstriction for low body temp)
What are the factors influencing blood glucose levels?
-eating carbohydrates; increase in blood glucose concentration. This is monitored by the pancreas
-exercise; decrease in blood glucose concentration as glucose used in respiration to power muscle contraction. Also monitored by the pancreas
Where do glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis take place?
The liver
What occurs in glycogenesis?
When blood glucose concentration = too↑, liver cells produce enzymes which concert glucose into glycogen, then stored in liver cells
What occurs in glycogenolysis?
When blood glucose concentration = too ↓, liver cells make enzymes which break down glycogen stared in cells to glucose
What occurs in gluconeogenesis?
When blood glucose concentration = too ↓, liver cells form glucose from glycerol and amino acids
What is the process of insulin returning high blood glucose concentration back to optimum levels?
-high blood glucose concentration detected by beta (β) cells (in islets of langerhans) in pancreas
-beta cells secrete insulin into blood, which travels → liver & muscle cells
-insulin binds to receptors on muscle cell membranes. Muscle cells insert more glucose channel proteins in cell membranes, causes;
-rate of uptake of glucose by muscle cells↑, rate of respiration in muscle cells↑
- glycogenesis; insulin binds to receptors on liver cell membranes
-liver cells make enzymes that convert glucose to glycogen (stored in liver cell cytoplasm)
What is the importance of insulin?
-Important for maintaining an optimum blood water potential
-if blood glucose levels weren’t ↓ by insulin, blood water potential would ↓
-Water in body cells would diffuse out, causing cells to shrink & die
What is the process of glucagon returning low blood glucose concentration back to optimum levels?
-Detected by alpha (a) cells (in islets of langerhans) in pancreas
-alpha cells secrete glucagon into the blood, travels to liver cells
-glycogenolysis; glucagon binds to receptors on liver cell membranes. Liver cells make enzymes converting glycogen to glucose
-gluconeogenesis; binding of glucagon to liver cell membranes also causes release of enzymes forming glucose from glycerol & amino acids
-glucagon also slows cell respiration rate; slows rate at which glucose is used up
What is the importance of glucagon?
-If blood glucose levels weren’t ↑ by glucagon there wouldn’t be enough glucose available for respiration
-if there isn’t enough glucose for respiration, there’ll be no energy available for survival