(6) Religious Issues Flashcards
When was Laud promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury?
August 1633
When was the Trial of Bastwick, Burton and Prynne?
June 1637
What were Bastwick, Burton and Prynne guilty of?
Seditious libel - they had written pamphlets attacking Laud
What happened to Prynne?
He had his ears fully removed - the top had been previously cut off in 1634 for attacking Henrietta Maria’s court
He also had ‘SL’ burned in his cheeks for seditious libel
What did people also believe ‘SL’ to mean?
Stigmata Laudis
Why were their punishments not traditional?
Gentlemen were not typically put in pillors
What did the Trail of B,B and P demonstrate?
That Laud was not respectful of social hierarchies
What was Laud theologically?
Arminian
What were the reforms under Laud expressed as?
Laudianism
What were the key terms of Laudianism?
- Beauty of Holiness
- Preists
- Liturgy
- Public Prayer
- Altar
- Anti-Sabbatarianism
What was the Beauty of Holiness?
The physical setting of the church as the holy house of God
What was the impact of Priests?
Emphasised status of the clergy and the role of ministers
What was liturgy?
This was set prayers and rituals that increased in priority and enforced more rigidly
What was key about public prayer?
There was a priority on prayer rather than preaching - a direct challenge to the Puritan emphasis on preaching
What was significant about the Altar?
There was a renewed emphasis on sacraments and communion - the eucharist
What was Anti-Sabbatarianism?
The activities on Sundays were a matter of the Church to decide; not a scriptural imperative - a direct challenge to Puritan theology of the Sabbath
What was Laud’s altar policy?
- North-South alignment of the communion table against the easternmost wall
- Chancel - where the altar stands
- Covered with an embroidered cloth
- Enforcement checked by annual ‘visitations’
What was the consequence of Laud’s altar policy?
- viewed as a return to Catholic mass
- there was a dangerous lack of respect for the tradition and social status quo
- strict enforcement narrowed tolerance
How was the clergy politicised?
- all Scottish bishops became JPs in 1634
- Laud became chancellor of Oxford University in 1630
- the overlap between religious and political spheres made Charles’ circle of advisors narrow
How did Laud establish religious conformity?
- asserting conformity: revising the cannon rules to include a new altar
- auditing conformity: visitations and presentment bills
- enforcing conformity: star chamber and court of high commission were used in greater frequency
What was Laudianism like in Scotland?
Charles was ignorant of the distinctive nature of Scottish Presbyterianism
When was Charles crowned in Scotland?
1633
What were Scottish subjects told in 1629?
They must kneel to take communion in their parish at least once a year
What was published in Scotland in 1636?
Scottish canons based on English canons
What were the two main reasons for opposition to grow against Laudianism?
- Laudianism specifically attacked Puritan beliefs and practices, thus many Puritans became more radical and dogmatic
- Laudian looked perilously close to Catholicism
What were some direct assaults on Puritans?
1633 Book of Sports - outlined a range of activities people could do after attending the compulsory Sunday service
When did and how were the abolition of the Feoffees for Impropriations become abolished?
1633, Laud used the Star Chamber
Where did many Puritans emigrate to?
Puritan colony in Pennsylvania in New England
How did Puritans use pamphlets to oppose Laudianism?
They used them to describe bishops as ‘cruel’ and ‘vipers’ and ‘tigers’ this was used by Bastwick, Burton, Prynne and Lilburne
What were the emerging Puritan groups?
- Hampden circle
- Puritan Pamphleteers
- Providence Island company
