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AQA History - The English Revolution 1625-1660 > (23) Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate > Flashcards

(23) Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate Flashcards

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1
Q

What role was handed to Cromwell?

A

Lord Protector

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2
Q

What were Cromwell’s aims?

A

‘Healing and Settling’

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3
Q

What was Cromwell like?

A
  • internally, humble and harsh
  • externally, confident
  • religious zealot - belief in Providence
  • commanded loyalty on a great scale
  • ‘warts and all’
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4
Q

What was The Instrument of Government?

A

Britian’s first written constitution

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5
Q

Who wrote the Instrument of Government?

A

General Lambert

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6
Q

How was the Instrument of Government made up?

A
  • A Lord Protectorate
  • Council of State (21 members)
  • A single body Parliament, 400 E&W and 30 each S&I
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7
Q

What areas did the settlement of the Instrument of Government tackle?

A
  • liberty of worship for all (not Roman Catholics or extreme sectarians)
  • electoral reform
  • funding for navy and army
  • annual budget £200,000
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8
Q

What did the electoral reforms entail?

A

It maintained a property qualification, but extended suffrage to middle classes

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9
Q

What was the funding for the navy and army set to?

A

10,000 cavalry horses and dragoons
20,000 foot and convenient number of ships

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10
Q

When was the First Protectorate Parliament?

A

Sept 1654 - Jan 1655

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11
Q

What was the failure of the First Protectorate?

A
  • the parliament wanted executive power
  • ‘Commonwealthsmen’ strongly opposed Cromwell’s dissolution of the Rump
  • ‘Godly Reformation’ was not pursued
  • electoral reform redistributed power away from towns
  • no legislation enacted
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12
Q

Who were the Commonwealthsmen led by?

A

Sir Arthur Haslerig

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13
Q

What were the Four Fundamentals in September 1654?

A
  • Government by a single person and parliament
  • non-perpetuation of parliament against the will of the Protector
  • Liberty of Conscience
  • Control of militia by Protector, council and parliament
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14
Q

What was the aim of the Four Fundamentals?

A

To make the work of ‘healing and settling’ possible

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15
Q

What was the ruling body after the dissolution of the First Protectorate?

A

The rule by Major Generals

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16
Q

What were the two primary causes of the Military government?

A
  • Penruddok’s uprising
  • The Western Design
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17
Q

When was Penruddock’s Uprising?

A

March 1655

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18
Q

What occurred in Penruddock’s Uprising?

A

An attempted uprising in Wiltshire - held Salisbury for a few hours

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19
Q

What happened to Penruddock?

A

Executed in May 1655

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20
Q

What was the Western Design?

A

An alliance between France and England against Spain. In Dec 1654, a British Naval force sent to seize Hispaniola bt failed - Cromwell’s first defeat

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21
Q

What did Western Design demonstrate?

A

Reverse-providence

22
Q

How was the Major General ruled?

A

11 districts in England, each MG supported by 500 soldiers

23
Q

Why was the rule of Major Generals viewed as unnatural?

A

It went against the established social order

24
Q

What was the Decimation tax?

A

A tax levied onto Royalist estates worth more than £100 pa, removing 10% of annual revenue

25
Q

What was the decimation tax directly contrary to?

A

‘healing and settling’

26
Q

What was under the rigorous campaign of the Major Generals?

A
  • combatting drunkness
  • applying blasphemy laws
  • punishing indecent behaviour
27
Q

What did the Major Generals ban?

A
  • theatre
  • brothels
  • rules against gambling
  • bear-batinging
  • cockfighting
  • horse racing
28
Q

When was Cromwell forced to call a second Protectorate Parliament?

A

September 1656

29
Q

Who was excluded from the second Protectorate Parliament?

A

100 MPs who tended to oppose Cromwell

30
Q

What is Liberty of Conscience?

A

The right of an individual to their own belief

31
Q

What were the 3 positions of ‘toleration’?

A
  • anti-toleration
  • consertavtive toleration
  • radical toleration
32
Q

What did ideas about liberty of conscience lead to a re-evaluation of…?

A
  • Catholicism
    -Jews
33
Q

What is an example where Catholicism was tolerated?

A

Jesuit John Southworth - in 1654 he was tried under anti-priest legislation and was hung, drawn and quartered. Cromwell protested against his execution and ordered his corpse be sewn together and sent to Europe for decent burial.

34
Q

Who petitioned for the Jew’s re-admission into England?

A

Manasseh ben Isreal

35
Q

What was the outcome of the Jewish petition?

A

It waws rejected in Dec 1655

36
Q

Who were two key people who challenged toleration?

A
  • John Biddle
  • James Nayler
37
Q

Who was John Biddle

A

A Socinian

38
Q

What did James Nayler do?

A
  • catalyst behind the breakdown of the 2nd PP in 1657
  • Quaker
  • in 1656 he rode into Bristol on a donkey
39
Q

How was James Nayler punished?

A

Under the Blasphemy Act and punished with a hole bored into his tongue, flogged and branded and life imprisonment

40
Q

When was the Humble Petition and Advice?

A

February 1657

41
Q

When did Major General Desborough through a militia bill choose to turn the decimation act into a permanent tax?

A

Christmas Day 1656

42
Q

When did Cromwell attack the Major-generals?

A

Christmas Day 1656

43
Q

What were the terms in the Humble Petition and Advice?

A
  • new definition of religious liberty and tolerance
  • national church established
  • reduction of the Council of State
  • Lord Protector to nominate a successor
44
Q

What did the Humble petition and advice offer?

A

The crown

45
Q

Who opposed the Humble Petition?

A
  • Haselrig
  • many in the army
46
Q

Who accepted the Humble Petition?

A
  • Desbrough and Fleetwood
47
Q

When was the Humble Petition revised?

A

March 1657, but it was again rejected in April

48
Q

When did Cromwell agree to the Humble Petition with the removal of monarchy?

A

June 1657

49
Q

Who did Cromwell nominate to succeed him?

A

Richard

50
Q

When did Cromwell die?

A

3 September 1658

51
Q

When was the Third Protectorate Parliament called?

A

November 1656

AQA History - The English Revolution 1625-1660 (18 decks)

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