(21) The Third Civil War Flashcards
When was the ‘Eikon Basilike’ published?
10 days after Charles’ execution
What was the ‘Eikon Basilike’?
A hagiographical text of the King
Where was Prince Charles by 1648?
Living in The Hague
When were 5 Royalists executed for their roles in the civil war?
9 March
What challenges did Prince Charles face?
- in exile it was difficult to co-ordinate military action
- little financial support
- Irish and Scottish favoured constitutional balance over loyalty to the Crown
When was the Second Ormand Agreement?
17 January 1649
What were the terms in the Second Ormand Agreement?
- ‘full assurance’ that Catholics would have equal rights to Irish Protestants
- dissolution of confederate government
- restructure Irish-royalist army, Ormand as the head
When was Cromwell offered the command to resolve the ‘Irish problem’?
Spring 1649
When did Cromwell land in Ireland?
August 1649
How many troops was in the Parliamentary army for Ireland?
12,000
When was the massacre of Drogheda?
September 1649
What was the significance of Drogheda?
It cut Dublin off from the Ulster
When was the massacre of Wexford?
October 1649
How many men was Ormand’s army reduced to?
3,000
How many were killed in Drogheda?
est. 3000
How many were killed in Wexford?
est. 2000
When did Cromwell return from Ireland?
May 1650
What were the reasons for Cromwell’s actions in Ireland and their justification?
- massacre of protestants in 1631 from Hapsburg Catholics 1631
- Irish Rebellion 1641
What was the conclusion of the Irish Campaign?
- New Model Army caused desertions
- Ormand was losing Royalist support
- Prince Charles secured an agreement with Scots, this rejected Ormand’s
When did Prince Charles accept the agreement with the Scots?
June 1650
Who became the scapegoat for the Irish suffering?
Ormand
What did the Scots interpret their Covenant as?
A religious and moral obligation - bounded them to the restoration of Charles II
When was Prince Charles declared King Charles II in Scotland?
February 1649
When was an act passed that defined the constitutional position of Charles II?
7 February 1649
What were the conditions of the act that defined Price Charles’ constitutional rolse?
- subscribe and sustain National and Solemn League and Covenants
- maintain Scottish Presbyterian Church Agreement
- establish a Presbyterian settlement in England and Ireland
Who was the Marquis of Montrose?
A Scottish supporter of the crown
When was the Montrose rising?
Early 1650
What was the Montrose rising?
A small force of mercenaries in an attempt to raise the Highland clans and sweep Prince Charles into coronation
What battle was Montrose’s troops defeated?
Carbisdale
When was Montrose executed?
21 May 1650
What was the Treaty of Breda?
The settlement between Prince Charles and Scotland
What were the negotiations over the Scottish settlement?
- compulsory subscription to the Covenant
- king and family become Presbyterian
- no toleration for Catholicism
- all recent treaties to be annulled
Prince Charles to declare that he honoured Jesus Christ more than his mother and father
When was the Treaty of Breda confirmed?
1 May 1650
When was the battle of Dunbar?
September 1650
When did General Fairfax retire?
Before the Scottish invasion
Who became the new Lord General?
Oliver Cromwell
How many troops were sent to Scotland?
-7500 by foot
-3500 cavalry
Who was the New Model Army faced with in Scotland?
David Leslie, the hero of Marston Moor
How many men were commanded under Leslie?
22,000
What city became occupied by Cromwell?
Edinburgh
When was the battle of Worcester?
September 1651
What did an act by the Scottish Parliament in December 1650 allow?
Convicted royalists were allowed to fight alongside Covenanters - renewed Scottish Army
Who led the Worcester invasion?
Prince Charles
What was the target of the Worcester invasion?
To reach London
How big was the New Model Army?
28,000
How big was the Royalist army?
12,000 - most Scots
What were the losses at the battle of Worcester?
3000 R - 200 P
What did Cromwell credit the victory as?
Providence
What happened to Prince Charles?
he escaped into exile in France
