Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI > 6: Perpetuation of Life > Flashcards

6: Perpetuation of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Plants reproduce through three types

A

asexual, sexual, and vegetative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Offsprings are produced from the vegetative unit produced by a parent without any fusion of sex cells or gametes.

A

Asexual Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

can be seen in unicellular organisms such as yeast or bacteria. The content of the parent cell divides into 2, 4, or 8 daughter cells.

A

Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bud-like growth formed on one side of the parent cell. As soon as the bud separates from the parent cell, it becomes a whole new organism

A

Budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

occurs in filamentous algae. It occurs as a result of accidentally breaking off a filament into many fragments. Each new fragment may give rise to a new organism through cell division

A

Fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

occurs in lower plants, such as pteridophytes and byrophytes. During this type of asexual reproduction, special reproductive units develop asexually on the body of the parent.

A

Spore formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These special reproductive units are called

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Here, a vegetative part of the plant, such as the root, stem, leaf, or bud, is detached from the body of the parent and grows into a daughter plant that is independent.

A

Vegetative Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

involves the fusion of female and male reproductive cells (gametes).

A

Sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gametes contain only half the genetic material (chromosomes) for a new organism to exist.

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The fusion of gametes

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When the zygote undergoes further development, it gives rise to a new individual that is ______.

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

At the beginning stages of sexual reproduction, ______ occurs.

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

multicellular

A

Spirogyra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

unicellular

A

Chlamydomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

unicellular algae that is found in freshwater ponds.

A

Chlamydomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are filaments found in flagellates

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When Chlamydomonas undergoes asexual reproduction, it is through

A

zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The zygotes then develop a thick wall around itself

A

zygospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A free-floating algae found in freshwater ponds.

A

SpirogyraSpirogyra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

occurs first when filaments break into smaller fragments. Then, each fragment grows into a new organism by cell division.occurs first when filaments break into smaller fragments. Then, each fragment grows into a new organism by cell division.

A

Vegetative reproduction by fragmentationVegetative reproduction by fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when filaments conjugate to form a ladder-like appearance, starts when two filaments lie very close to each other.

A

Scalariform conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The cells of the two filaments connect with each other through a __________

A

conjugation tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

these plants live for only one year. The plants that produce seeds and flowers within just one season are termed as annuals

A

Annuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

plants that live for two seasons, and complete their life cycles within these two seasons. During the first year, the plant is in a vegetative state. In the second year, the plants produce flowers, fruits, or seeds and then they perish

A

Biennials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

plants that live for several years. The vegetative state of these plants may last from one year to several years. In the year following their vegetative state, they produce flowers, seeds, or fruits

A

Perennials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

perennial plants that reproduce only once during
their lifetime and then die

A

Monocarpic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

has a soft stem, and only bears a few leaves. The size and shape of the leaves remain the same. It does not respond to stimuli nor does it produce flowers.

A

juvenile shoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

has well-developed stems and leaves. The size and shape of the leaves change. It also responds to stimuli and can produce flowers.

A

adult shoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The plant’s flowering is affected by light

A

photoperiodism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The plant’s flowering is affected by temperature

A

vernalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is when low temperatures occur, and this stimulates the early formation of flowers.

A

Vernalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

is the response of the plant to the duration of dark and light per day. This determines its growth and flowering.

A

Photoperiodism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

means a flower has both carpels and stamens

A

bisexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

means a flower has only a staminate or pistillate

A

unisexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

a plant hormone that assists in growth and reproduction.

A

Gibberellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

comprise the calyx.

A

Sepals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

comprise the corolla.

A

Petals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

male reproductive organ of a flower

A

androecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

female reproductive organ of a flower

A

gynoecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Each __________ is made up of distinct layers of cells when mature.

A

microsporangium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The outermost layer is the ________. It has a middle layer of cells with thin walls.

A

epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The innermost layer is the _______, which consists of large cells. It nourishes the developing grains of pollen.

A

tapetum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Microspore mother cells undergo _______.

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

exine is made up of a durable substance called

A

sporopollenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The outer layer is the

A

exine and thin spaces (germ pores)

47
Q

grows out of the pollen grain through the germ pores.

A

pollen tube

48
Q

The inner layer is the

A

cellulosic wall (the intine)

49
Q

moves towards the periphery.

A

microspore

50
Q

The main part of the ovule is bounded by two coverings

A

integuments

51
Q

The ovule is attached to the ovary via a stalk

A

funiculus

52
Q

The basal part of the female gametophyte structure

A

chalaza

53
Q

contains one or more ovules (megasporangia), which act as future seeds

A

ovary

54
Q

develops as a type of projection from the placenta in the ovary.

A

ovule

55
Q

Within the nucleus, a single ________ cell becomes larger and it becomes the megaspore mother cell.

A

hypodermal

56
Q

This cell undergoes ___________, and then gives rise to four haploid megaspore cells.

A

meiotic division

57
Q

The enlarged structure, shaped like an oval and with 8 nuclei, is known as the _______

A

embryo sac

58
Q

Cell membranes and nuclei develop around the nuclei, except the two at the center of the sac, which is now termed as the _______

A

central cell

59
Q

These are provided with buds which develop into a new plant and are therefore used to carry out vegetative propagation of the plant in the field.

A

Vegetative Reproduction in Angiosperms

60
Q

The process by which animals propagate on earth and it is also the process through which genetic materials are transferred to offspring.

A

Animal Reproduction

61
Q

The formation of identical twins by the separation of two identical cells in the early embryo is a form of

A

asexual reproduction

62
Q

occurs when a new individual is formed from the union of two sex cells, or gametes.

A

Sexual reproduction

63
Q

the zygote develops into a new organism.

A

mitotic division

64
Q

The _________ are formed in the sex organs, or gonads (the testes and the ovaries), and are haploid.

A

gametes

65
Q

The process of sperm formation

A

spermatogenesis

66
Q

The process of egg formation

A

oogenesis

67
Q

Virgin birth is common in many species of arthropods.

A

parthenogenesis

68
Q

Some species are exclusively all female

A

parthenogenetic

69
Q

Another variation in the reproductive strategies used by animals is

A

hermaphroditism

70
Q

The change from female to male is

A

protogyny

71
Q

the change from male to female is

A

protandry

72
Q

Recent evidence suggests that the __________ appears to have been highly conserved during the evolution of vertebrate groups.

A

sex-determining gene (SRY)

73
Q

commonly occurs among organisms in the ocean, where water allows for the rapid dispersion of sperm or ova towards others of the same species.

A

External fertilization

74
Q

is the introduction of the male gamete into the female’s reproductive tract.

A

Internal fertilization

75
Q

is when the eggs are deposited outside the mother’s body after fertilization.

A

Oviparity

76
Q

The fertilized eggs are retained within the mother in order to complete their development. The embryos still take all of their nourishment from the egg yolk. The young are thus fully developed when they hatch.

A

Ovoviviparity

77
Q

is found in almost all mammals. The young develop within the mother and takes its nourishment directly from their mother’s blood, as opposed to egg yolks.

A

Viviparity

78
Q

In most cartilaginous fish most fertilization is _____.

A

internal

79
Q

In internal fertilization, the male introduces sperm into the female by means of a modified _______.

A

pelvic fin

80
Q

In Amphibians, gametes from the males and females are released through the __________.

A

cloaca

81
Q

The shells of reptile eggs are _____, and this allows for better withstanding of environmental conditions.

A

leathery

82
Q

As the eggs pass through the ________, the glands secrete the egg whites and the hard shells that distinguish bird eggs from reptilian eggs.

A

oviduct

83
Q

Most birds are also _______, meaning that they keep a stable body temperature.

A

homeotherms

84
Q

the embryo that develops within the cavity filled with fluid is surrounded by a membrane called an amnion.

A

amniotic eggs

85
Q

is an extra-embryonic membrane and develops outside of the body of the embryo.

A

amnion

86
Q

_______ in females is the cyclic release of an egg from the ovary.

A

Ovulation

87
Q

The period of sexual receptivity

A

estrus

88
Q

the reproductive cycle is therefore called

A

estrous cycle

89
Q

The most primitive mammals, the monotremes, are __________

A

oviparous

90
Q

derives its nutrients from the mother’s blood, since fetal and maternal blood vessels are in close proximity.

A

fetus

91
Q

deduced the classical principles of genetics in 1865. He based his deductions on the results of breeding experiments with peas.

A

Gregor Mendel

92
Q

genetic composition

A

genotype

93
Q

their physical appearance

A

phenotype

94
Q

is the term for the deductions of Mendel.

A

Mendelian genetics

95
Q

in the form of meiosis involves the daughter cell inheriting only one member of each chromosome pair.

A

Cell division

96
Q

Chromosomes exchange materials during ________, leading to the linked genes’ recombination.

A

meiosis

97
Q

The first evidence for the existence of enzymes came in 1909, through the study of the disease called ________ The disease results from a genetic defect that results in problems with the metabolism of phenylalanine, an amino acid.

A

phenylketonuria

98
Q

who formed the basis for present-day molecular biology.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

99
Q

purines

A

adenine (A), guanine (G)

100
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine (C), and thymine (T)

101
Q

Two strands of DNA can separate to serve as templates for a new strand. This would be specified by base pairing.

A

semiconservative replication

102
Q

This process is called semiconservative replication, because one strand is conserved in the

A

progeny DNA molecule

103
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

104
Q

going both forwards and backwards

A

bidirectional

105
Q

going only one direction

A

unidirectional

106
Q

directed by genes.

A

Protein synthesis

107
Q

the sequence of nucleotides in a gene in the DNA is copied to the corresponding sequence of nucleotides in mRNA.

A

transcription

108
Q

the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the proteins.

A

translation

109
Q

mediated by RNA polymerase It separates the two strands of the double helix and constructs an mRNA molecule by adding nucleotides one at a time.

A

transcription

110
Q

determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

A

translation

111
Q

Each tRNA has three nucleotides that form an

A

anti-codon

112
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

113
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

114
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions