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G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI > 3: Natural Hazards, Mitigation, and Adaptation > Flashcards

3: Natural Hazards, Mitigation, and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

The earth is a ______ planet

A

dynamic

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2
Q

are caused by strain energy underneath a fault line within the earth’s crust.

A

Earthquakes

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3
Q

or ground motion, is the primary cause of the partial or total collapse of structures on the earth’s surface. It is the vibration of the ground caused by seismic waves.

A

Ground shaking

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4
Q

The first wave to reach structures, and it causes buildings to vibrate.

A

Sound wave, or P wave

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5
Q

Causes the earth to move at right angles towards the direction of the wave. It also causes structures to move from side to side.

A

S wave

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6
Q

is the tearing or offset of the ground surface caused by the differential movement that occurs along a fault line.

A

Surface faulting

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7
Q

The effect of surface faulting is generally caused by earthquakes that register as 5.5 or more on the _________.

A

Richter Scale

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8
Q

The most effective way to prevent damage from surface faulting is to _________ from construction along fault lines.

A

restrain

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9
Q

occur through a broad range of mechanisms. They occur in land that is sloped steeply, and land that is flat.

A

Earthquake-induced landslides

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10
Q

The most dangerous types of liquefaction. During this phenomenon, large masses of soil can move from a few meters to a few kilometers.

A

Rapid earth flows

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11
Q

The movement of surface blocks brought about by the liquefaction of subsurface layers.

A

Earth lateral spreads

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12
Q

Include rocks and blobs of lava that are ejected from within a volcano into the atmosphere.

A

Tephra

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13
Q

Masses of hot, dry pyroclastic material built into masses. They are also hot gasses that move quickly along the ground surface.

A

Pyroclastic phenomena

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14
Q

A flowing slurry of volcanic debris and water that comes from within a volcano. This can then result to flooding when the water overflows from damaged dams and because of their capacity to carry water.

A

Lahar

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15
Q

Can show the anticipated scales of future damage.

A

Zonation maps

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16
Q

occur due to the sudden overflowing of rivers along a stream or a low-lying area.

A

Flash floods

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17
Q

The _________ of floods will determine the damage to structures.

A

duration

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18
Q

The _______ of the flood may create erosive forces, especially if the velocity is high.

A

velocity

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19
Q

caused by the velocity of the water

A

Hydrodynamic pressures

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20
Q

is when the floods are most likely to strike, and can have devastating effects on crops and structures.

A

Seasonality

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21
Q

is composed of flood education.

A

Capacity development

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22
Q

is an effective measure to prevent the large loss of lives associated with rising water levels.

A

Flood response

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23
Q

These are intense areas of the earth’s atmosphere that coincide with system and extreme weather events. Characterized by a center that is large and of low pressure.

A

Cyclones

24
Q

refers to the geographic origin of these systems, since they form almost exclusively in certain parts of the globe.

A

tropical

25
Q

refers to their counter-clockwise movement from the Northern Hemisphere, and the clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere.

A

cyclone

26
Q

_____ receive much of the damage from cyclones, while regions inland are safe from their effects.

A

Coastal regions

27
Q

are those that fall more than 30cm/hour.

A

Torrential rains

28
Q

a serious hazard that is caused by cyclones, as people lose shelter due to it.

A

Rain

29
Q

is an abnormal rise of sea water near coastal areas and is caused by a severe cyclone.

A

storm surge

30
Q

Rotary storms that appear as a whirling and advancing funnel of wind extending downward from a cloud.

A

Tornadoes

31
Q

The region that is most frequently hit by tornadoes is sometimes termed as

A

Tornado Alley

32
Q

boundaries between water and land, are characterized both by the dynamic power of the sea and the wind, and by the geologic nature of land, which is fragile and often unstable.

A

Coastal areas

33
Q

When the waves acquire materials from the beach and then hurl them at the base of a cliff.

A

Corrasion

34
Q

Occurs when waves, which contain sand and other fragments, erode the headland or the shoreline. This is also known as the “sandpaper effect.”

A

Abrasion

35
Q

When the waves hit the base of a cliff, subsequently compressing them into cracks.

A

Hydraulic action

36
Q

When the waves cause rocks and pebbles to collide with each other and break up.

A

Attrition

37
Q

When the cliff erodes as a result of the acids in the sea.

A

Corrosion

38
Q

the portion of coastal erosion which is sustainable. This occurs when rocks and other sediments move from the beach’s visible portion to the nearshore region which is submerged.

A

Submersion

39
Q

The reverse of submersion is the recovery process known as

A

accretion

40
Q

is the movement of salt water, or saline water, into freshwater aquifers. This can lead to the contamination of drinking water and other consequences.

A

Saltwater intrusion

41
Q

The moon and the sun have gravitational pulls on the ocean, which create oscillations called

A

tides

42
Q

The gravity from the moon, when it is overhead, produces a ________

A

high tide

43
Q

Disturbances in the water caused by the water energy that is passing through the water.

A

Waves

44
Q

In open ocean basins, the source of the waves’ energy is

A

wind

45
Q

the vertical distance between the top of the wave and its trough

A

Amplitude (wave height)

46
Q

the horizontal distance between successive troughs or crests of the wave.

A

Wave length

47
Q

the number of waves that occur in a given period of time

A

Wave period

48
Q

_________ typically occur as a result of increases in water temperature, which increases its volume.

A

Sea-level changes

49
Q

Sea-level changes are ______ when the water mass is relatively contained, and they are ______ if a large portion of the ocean’s water mass is impacted by warming.

A

local, global

50
Q

The evidence for crustal movement are

A

earthquakes

51
Q

are metal plaques set in the soil that give the exact locations of the elevation points.

A

Bench marks

52
Q

The causes of crustal movement include the action of unbalanced _____ acting on the earth’s surface.

A

forces

53
Q

These many forces

A

stress

54
Q

pulls the rock into two different directions, causing it to break apart or stretching it

A

Tension

55
Q

consists of forces acting towards each other, which pushes or squeezes rocks together.

A

Compression

56
Q

may act away or toward each other, causing the rock to twist and tear.

A

Shear stresses

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI (8 decks)

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