5: Bioenergetics Flashcards
the basic unit of life
cell
composed of one cell alone
unicellular
who constructed the first simple microscope and was able to study the structure of bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and red blood cells.
Anton van Leewenhoek
coined the term “cell” that he used to designate the small, honey-comb like structures that he was able to view on a cork bottle. He was impressed with the little structures, as they reminded him of rooms in a monastery.
Robert Hooke, 1665
proposed that all plants are made up of cells.
Matthios Schleiden, 1838
proposed that all animals were also made up of cells.
Theodore Schwann, 1839
Schleiden and Schwann studied a wide variety of plant and animal tissues, and proposed the?
Cell Theory, 1839
the Cell Theory was rewritten by _________ and said that aside from all living things being made up of cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells
Rudolf Virchow, 1858
In 1861, Schulze found that cells were not empty, as Hooke thought, but that they contained material known as ________.
protoplasm
semi-permeable membrane that is present in all cells.
Plasma membrane
contains a lipid bilayer, which is termed as such because it contains two layers of fat cells organized into two sheets.
plasma membrane
are fats, such as oils, that are insoluble in water
Lipids
is attracted to water conditions while the hydrophobic region is repelled from these conditions.
hydrophilic region
Since lipid molecules contain both regions, they are termed as
amphipathic molecules
The most abundant types of lipids found in the plasma membrane are
phospholipids
where the lipids organize themselves to hide their hydrophobic region and to expose their hydrophilic regions.
Bilayer
is dependent on the temperature as well as the specific structure of the fatty acid chains.
Fluidity
the lipid bilayer was summarized by Singer and Nicholson (1974) as the
Fluid Mosaic Model
where organelles are suspended.
cytoplasm
Without the organelles, the cytoplasm is termed as
cytosol
It is a jelly-like, semi-fluid matrix that is found between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane.
cytosol
Aside from providing structural support for the cell, the cytoplasm is also where __________ occurs.
protein synthesis
is another cell component that gives the cell its structure. It also allows the cell to adapt.
cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is composed of three different types of protein filaments
intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin
they are double-stranded, thin, and flexible structures. It is also the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells.
Actin
are long, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin. They are organized around a centrosome.
Microtubules
are rope- like and fibrous. These filaments, however, are not found in all animal cells, but only in those where they function to form the nuclear lamina.
Intermediate filaments
its function as the storage space for DNA
Nucleus
is a double-membrane structure that is highly specialized. It generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides organisms with energy.
Mitochondria
a network of tubular structures found in the cytoplasm and is bound by a membrane. It extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
Endoplasmic reticulum
are a group of curved, flattened, plate- like cisternae. also known as the packaging center of the cell.
Golgi complex
produce a network of tubules from the periphery.
cisternae
are found in plant cells and euglenoids. They are classified based on the type of pigment that they contain.
Plastids
Chromoplasts contain
carotenoids
are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.
Vacuoles
Plant cells have _____ vacuoles and animal cells have _____ vacuoles.
large, small
is the term for the membrane of the vacuoles. It is filled with cell sap, which is watery.
tonoplast
There are four types of vacuoles
contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, gas vacuoles, and storage vacuoles.
produce proteins in cells. These are granular, non membranous structures inside the cells. They are present in the cytoplasm mitochondria and chloroplast.
Ribosomes
have 80s ribosomes in the cytoplasm and 70s ribosomes in the plastids and mitochondria.
Eukaryotes
form spindles during cell division.
Centrosomes
Centrosomes are surrounded by a denser type of cytosol called
centrosphere
Centrosomes have two cylindrical structures called _________ at the center.
centrioles
is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy. This energy is stored in the form of carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis
provide food for man and other heterotrophic organisms.
Carbohydrates
are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.
Vacuoles
is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy.
Photosynthesis
CH2O
carbohydrates
is the first step in photosynthesis.
Light absorption
pigments involved in light absorption
chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids
The bulk of the pigments involved in absorbing light
light-harvesting pigments
There are two kinds of chlorophyll in plants and green algae
chlorophyll A (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b)
yellow and orange pigments that are found in almost all photosynthetic organisms
carotenoids
are water-soluble pigments
Phycobilins
found in red algae
phycoerythrins
is the second step in photosynthesis.
Light emission
occurs until the energy reaches the reaction center where it can be converted into chemical energy.
energy migration
Primary Events in Photosynthesis
Light absorption
Light emission
energy transfer and migration
the reaction at reaction centers
This is the process by which energy reaches reaction centers and is converted into chemical energy.
the reaction at reaction centers
