5: Bioenergetics

Question 1

the basic unit of life

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

composed of one cell alone

Answer 2

unicellular

Question 3

who constructed the first simple microscope and was able to study the structure of bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and red blood cells.

Answer 3

Anton van Leewenhoek

Question 4

coined the term “cell” that he used to designate the small, honey-comb like structures that he was able to view on a cork bottle. He was impressed with the little structures, as they reminded him of rooms in a monastery.

Answer 4

Robert Hooke, 1665

Question 5

proposed that all plants are made up of cells.

Answer 5

Matthios Schleiden, 1838

Question 6

proposed that all animals were also made up of cells.

Answer 6

Theodore Schwann, 1839

Question 7

Schleiden and Schwann studied a wide variety of plant and animal tissues, and proposed the?

Answer 7

Cell Theory, 1839

Question 8

the Cell Theory was rewritten by _________ and said that aside from all living things being made up of cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Answer 8

Rudolf Virchow, 1858

Question 9

In 1861, Schulze found that cells were not empty, as Hooke thought, but that they contained material known as ________.

Answer 9

protoplasm

Question 10

semi-permeable membrane that is present in all cells.

Answer 10

Plasma membrane

Question 11

contains a lipid bilayer, which is termed as such because it contains two layers of fat cells organized into two sheets.

Answer 11

plasma membrane

Question 12

are fats, such as oils, that are insoluble in water

Answer 12

Lipids

Question 13

is attracted to water conditions while the hydrophobic region is repelled from these conditions.

Answer 13

hydrophilic region

Question 14

Since lipid molecules contain both regions, they are termed as

Answer 14

amphipathic molecules

Question 15

The most abundant types of lipids found in the plasma membrane are

Answer 15

phospholipids

Question 16

where the lipids organize themselves to hide their hydrophobic region and to expose their hydrophilic regions.

Answer 16

Bilayer

Question 17

is dependent on the temperature as well as the specific structure of the fatty acid chains.

Answer 17

Fluidity

Question 18

the lipid bilayer was summarized by Singer and Nicholson (1974) as the

Answer 18

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 19

where organelles are suspended.

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

Without the organelles, the cytoplasm is termed as

Answer 20

cytosol

Question 21

It is a jelly-like, semi-fluid matrix that is found between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane.

Answer 21

cytosol

Question 22

Aside from providing structural support for the cell, the cytoplasm is also where __________ occurs.

Answer 22

protein synthesis

Question 23

is another cell component that gives the cell its structure. It also allows the cell to adapt.

Answer 23

cytoskeleton

Question 24

The cytoskeleton is composed of three different types of protein filaments

Answer 24

intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin

Question 25

they are double-stranded, thin, and flexible structures. It is also the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 25

Actin

Question 26

are long, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin. They are organized around a centrosome.

Answer 26

Microtubules

Question 27

are rope- like and fibrous. These filaments, however, are not found in all animal cells, but only in those where they function to form the nuclear lamina.

Answer 27

Intermediate filaments

Question 28

its function as the storage space for DNA

Answer 28

Nucleus

Question 29

is a double-membrane structure that is highly specialized. It generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides organisms with energy.

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

a network of tubular structures found in the cytoplasm and is bound by a membrane. It extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

Answer 30

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

are a group of curved, flattened, plate- like cisternae. also known as the packaging center of the cell.

Answer 31

Golgi complex

Question 32

produce a network of tubules from the periphery.

Answer 32

cisternae

Question 33

are found in plant cells and euglenoids. They are classified based on the type of pigment that they contain.

Answer 33

Plastids

Question 34

Chromoplasts contain

Answer 34

carotenoids

Question 35

are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.

Answer 35

Vacuoles

Question 36

Plant cells have _____ vacuoles and animal cells have _____ vacuoles.

Answer 36

large, small

Question 37

is the term for the membrane of the vacuoles. It is filled with cell sap, which is watery.

Answer 37

tonoplast

Question 38

There are four types of vacuoles

Answer 38

contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, gas vacuoles, and storage vacuoles.

Question 39

produce proteins in cells. These are granular, non membranous structures inside the cells. They are present in the cytoplasm mitochondria and chloroplast.

Answer 39

Ribosomes

Question 40

have 80s ribosomes in the cytoplasm and 70s ribosomes in the plastids and mitochondria.

Answer 40

Eukaryotes

Question 41

form spindles during cell division.

Answer 41

Centrosomes

Question 42

Centrosomes are surrounded by a denser type of cytosol called

Answer 42

centrosphere

Question 43

Centrosomes have two cylindrical structures called _________ at the center.

Answer 43

centrioles

Question 44

is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy. This energy is stored in the form of carbohydrates.

Answer 44

Photosynthesis

Question 45

provide food for man and other heterotrophic organisms.

Answer 45

Carbohydrates

Question 46

are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.

Answer 46

Vacuoles

Question 47

is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy.

Answer 47

Photosynthesis

Question 48

CH2O

Answer 48

carbohydrates

Question 49

is the first step in photosynthesis.

Answer 49

Light absorption

Question 50

pigments involved in light absorption

Answer 50

chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids

Question 51

The bulk of the pigments involved in absorbing light

Answer 51

light-harvesting pigments

Question 52

There are two kinds of chlorophyll in plants and green algae

Answer 52

chlorophyll A (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b)

Question 53

yellow and orange pigments that are found in almost all photosynthetic organisms

Answer 53

carotenoids

Question 54

are water-soluble pigments

Answer 54

Phycobilins

Question 55

found in red algae

Answer 55

phycoerythrins

Question 56

is the second step in photosynthesis.

Answer 56

Light emission

Question 57

occurs until the energy reaches the reaction center where it can be converted into chemical energy.

Answer 57

energy migration

Question 58

Primary Events in Photosynthesis

Answer 58

Light absorption Light emission energy transfer and migration the reaction at reaction centers

Question 59

This is the process by which energy reaches reaction centers and is converted into chemical energy.

Answer 59

the reaction at reaction centers