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G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI > 5: Bioenergetics > Flashcards

5: Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

the basic unit of life

A

cell

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2
Q

composed of one cell alone

A

unicellular

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3
Q

who constructed the first simple microscope and was able to study the structure of bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and red blood cells.

A

Anton van Leewenhoek

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4
Q

coined the term “cell” that he used to designate the small, honey-comb like structures that he was able to view on a cork bottle. He was impressed with the little structures, as they reminded him of rooms in a monastery.

A

Robert Hooke, 1665

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5
Q

proposed that all plants are made up of cells.

A

Matthios Schleiden, 1838

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6
Q

proposed that all animals were also made up of cells.

A

Theodore Schwann, 1839

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7
Q

Schleiden and Schwann studied a wide variety of plant and animal tissues, and proposed the?

A

Cell Theory, 1839

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8
Q

the Cell Theory was rewritten by _________ and said that aside from all living things being made up of cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells

A

Rudolf Virchow, 1858

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9
Q

In 1861, Schulze found that cells were not empty, as Hooke thought, but that they contained material known as ________.

A

protoplasm

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10
Q

semi-permeable membrane that is present in all cells.

A

Plasma membrane

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11
Q

contains a lipid bilayer, which is termed as such because it contains two layers of fat cells organized into two sheets.

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

are fats, such as oils, that are insoluble in water

A

Lipids

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13
Q

is attracted to water conditions while the hydrophobic region is repelled from these conditions.

A

hydrophilic region

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14
Q

Since lipid molecules contain both regions, they are termed as

A

amphipathic molecules

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15
Q

The most abundant types of lipids found in the plasma membrane are

A

phospholipids

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16
Q

where the lipids organize themselves to hide their hydrophobic region and to expose their hydrophilic regions.

A

Bilayer

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17
Q

is dependent on the temperature as well as the specific structure of the fatty acid chains.

A

Fluidity

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18
Q

the lipid bilayer was summarized by Singer and Nicholson (1974) as the

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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19
Q

where organelles are suspended.

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Without the organelles, the cytoplasm is termed as

A

cytosol

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21
Q

It is a jelly-like, semi-fluid matrix that is found between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane.

A

cytosol

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22
Q

Aside from providing structural support for the cell, the cytoplasm is also where __________ occurs.

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

is another cell component that gives the cell its structure. It also allows the cell to adapt.

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of three different types of protein filaments

A

intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin

25
Q

they are double-stranded, thin, and flexible structures. It is also the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells.

A

Actin

26
Q

are long, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin. They are organized around a centrosome.

A

Microtubules

27
Q

are rope- like and fibrous. These filaments, however, are not found in all animal cells, but only in those where they function to form the nuclear lamina.

A

Intermediate filaments

28
Q

its function as the storage space for DNA

A

Nucleus

29
Q

is a double-membrane structure that is highly specialized. It generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides organisms with energy.

A

Mitochondria

30
Q

a network of tubular structures found in the cytoplasm and is bound by a membrane. It extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

are a group of curved, flattened, plate- like cisternae. also known as the packaging center of the cell.

A

Golgi complex

32
Q

produce a network of tubules from the periphery.

A

cisternae

33
Q

are found in plant cells and euglenoids. They are classified based on the type of pigment that they contain.

A

Plastids

34
Q

Chromoplasts contain

A

carotenoids

35
Q

are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.

A

Vacuoles

36
Q

Plant cells have _____ vacuoles and animal cells have _____ vacuoles.

A

large, small

37
Q

is the term for the membrane of the vacuoles. It is filled with cell sap, which is watery.

A

tonoplast

38
Q

There are four types of vacuoles

A

contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, gas vacuoles, and storage vacuoles.

39
Q

produce proteins in cells. These are granular, non membranous structures inside the cells. They are present in the cytoplasm mitochondria and chloroplast.

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

have 80s ribosomes in the cytoplasm and 70s ribosomes in the plastids and mitochondria.

A

Eukaryotes

41
Q

form spindles during cell division.

A

Centrosomes

42
Q

Centrosomes are surrounded by a denser type of cytosol called

A

centrosphere

43
Q

Centrosomes have two cylindrical structures called _________ at the center.

A

centrioles

44
Q

is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy. This energy is stored in the form of carbohydrates.

A

Photosynthesis

45
Q

provide food for man and other heterotrophic organisms.

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

are single-membrane bound sacs that are present in the cytoplasm.

A

Vacuoles

47
Q

is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll convert energy from the sun into photochemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

48
Q

CH2O

A

carbohydrates

49
Q

is the first step in photosynthesis.

A

Light absorption

50
Q

pigments involved in light absorption

A

chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids

51
Q

The bulk of the pigments involved in absorbing light

A

light-harvesting pigments

52
Q

There are two kinds of chlorophyll in plants and green algae

A

chlorophyll A (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b)

53
Q

yellow and orange pigments that are found in almost all photosynthetic organisms

A

carotenoids

54
Q

are water-soluble pigments

A

Phycobilins

55
Q

found in red algae

A

phycoerythrins

56
Q

is the second step in photosynthesis.

A

Light emission

57
Q

occurs until the energy reaches the reaction center where it can be converted into chemical energy.

A

energy migration

58
Q

Primary Events in Photosynthesis

A

Light absorption
Light emission
energy transfer and migration
the reaction at reaction centers

59
Q

This is the process by which energy reaches reaction centers and is converted into chemical energy.

A

the reaction at reaction centers

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI (8 decks)

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