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G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI > 1: Introduction to Earth Science > Flashcards

1: Introduction to Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

Over time, the Earth’s solid center began to decay, composed of ________________.

A

iron, silicates, and radioactive materials

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2
Q

The ______________, primarily uranium, potassium, and thorium, emitted heat, melting the silicates and iron, forming the Earth’s core.

A

decaying radioactive materials

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3
Q

There are _________ in the earth which repels solar wind and protects the earth from solar radiation

A

two magnetic fields

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4
Q

The atmosphere of the earth is ________, which means that it is made up of mainly nitrogen and oxygen

A

stratified

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5
Q

The earth can be divided into

A

an outer lithosphere and a plastic asthenosphere

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6
Q

is the layer of air that surrounds the earth. It protects the earth from solar rays. It also circulates the air and gases that plants and animals need to survive.

A

atmosphere

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7
Q

is made up of living organisms, such as plants and animals. It is important to note that all the biospheres interact with each other.

A

biosphere

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8
Q

the geosphere is also called?

A

lithosphere

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9
Q

is made up of the physical earth, such as rocks, magma, and soil.

A

geosphere / lithosphere

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10
Q

extends from the center of the earth to the dust in the atmosphere, and even includes the sand in the ocean

A

geosphere / lithosphere

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11
Q

is made up of all the water held on earth.

A

hydrosphere

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12
Q

The Subsystems of the Earth

A

atmosphere
biosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere

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13
Q

The Atmosphere

A

Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere

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14
Q

(500 km), this is where the atmosphere merges with space.

A

Exosphere

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15
Q

(90 km), this is where the space shuttles orbit.

A

Thermosphere

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16
Q

(50-90 km), this is where meteors burn.

A

Mesosphere

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17
Q

(12-50 km), this is where the air is stable and is good for planes and jets to fly in.

A

Stratosphere

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18
Q

(11-12 km)

A

Tropopause

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19
Q

(0-11 km), the “mixing layer,” all the weather is limited to this layer.

A

Troposphere

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20
Q

the outermost “skin” of the earth and has various thicknesses.

A

crust

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21
Q

The ______ crust is under the mountain ranges, and the _____ is under the mid-ocean ridges.

A

thickest. thinnest

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22
Q

the lower boundary

A

Mohorivicic discontinuity

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23
Q

_________ separates the crust from the upper mantle. It was discovered in 1909 by ____________.

A

Mohorivicic discontinuity, Andrija Mohorovicic

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24
Q

two types of crust

A

the continental crust and the oceanic crust

25
Q

The crust is composed of just __ elements

A

8

26
Q

the most abundant element in the crust

A

Oxygen

27
Q

a solid rock layer between the core and the crust

A

mantle

28
Q

the mantle is composed of a rock called

A

peridotite

29
Q

the ____ mantle sinks and the ____ mantle rises.

A

cool, hot

30
Q

Three subdivisions of the mantle

A

upper, transitional, and lower

31
Q

The core is an iron-rich sphere with a radius of

A

3,471 km

32
Q

The outer core is made of liquid iron, nickel, and sulfur and it’s _______ thick

A

2,255 km

33
Q

The inner core is made of solid nickel, iron alloy and has a radius of ______

A

1,220 km

34
Q

The universe and the solar system were formed about __________ years ago

A

4.6 billion

35
Q

According to the Big Bang Theory, Between ___________, all the matter found in the universe today was found in a small space, a tiny contact point.

A

13 billion and 15 billion years ago

36
Q

According to this theory, matter and energy were the same back then.

A

The Big Bang Theory (1900s)

37
Q

came about after an explosion.

A

Expansion

38
Q

He announced that all of the galaxies that he was studying are moving further and further away from us, at speeds that amount of several thousand miles per second.

A

Edwin Hubble, 1929

39
Q

_________ believed the universe was governed by two principles

A

Fred Hoyle

40
Q

the universe is uniform in space

A

the cosmological principle

41
Q

the universe is unchanging in time

A

the perfect cosmological principle

42
Q

Predicts that the universe is expanding, but it also predicts that new matter is being created enough to fill the empty spaces left behind by the universe’s expansion.

A

The Steady State Theory (1940s)

43
Q

This theory has been found to be false by astronomers as the average age of stars should be approximately the same if matter is continuously created everywhere .

A

The Steady State Theory (1940s)

44
Q

created a new model, since he is a plasma physicist.

A

Hannes Alfven

45
Q

___ of the observable universe is made of plasma, which is where the term Plasma Universe is derived from.

A

99%

46
Q

An ionized gas that conducts electricity.

A

Plasma

47
Q

Discounts the Big Bang Theory and states that the universe is crisscrossed by electromagnetic fields and electric currents.

A

The Plasma Universe

48
Q

this theory states that the universe has no beginning and no end.

A

The Plasma Universe

49
Q

In the Plasma Universe, the galaxies take as long as ___________ to come together.

A

100 billion years

50
Q

The evidence from the Plasma Universe does not come from direct observations of the sky; rather they come from _____________.

A

laboratory experiments

51
Q

The size of the earth is about ___________ in diameter, and this was known by the Ancient Greeks.

A

12,750 km

52
Q

is brittle and is liable to breaking.

A

crust

53
Q

a hot, dense layer of semi- solid rock, denser and hotter compared to the crust because matter is heated by the pressure and temperature inside the earth.

A

mantle

54
Q

denser than the mantle because it is composed of an iron-nickel alloy, which is metallic rather than being stony.

A

core

55
Q

The core is made up of two distinct layers

A

the liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

56
Q

As the earth rotates on its axis, the liquid outer core spins, which creates ____________.

A

the earth’s magnetic field

57
Q

is hotter compared to the upper part of the mantle.

A

deep mantle

58
Q

composed of semi-solid, hot material, which flows and softens after being subjected to high pressure and temperature.

A

asthenosphere

59
Q

is the movement of the lithosphere that influences plate tectonics.

A

lithosphere

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI (8 decks)

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