4: Introduction to Life Science

Question 1

The first biography of life. This is based on the properties of cells and their ecological (biogeomechanical) consequences.

Answer 1

ontogenic, synthetic, and developmental

Question 2

The second biography of life

Answer 2

historical-collective, populational, diachronic, and evolutionary process

Question 3

The two main pillars that sustain life are

Answer 3

metabolism and genetics

Question 4

Can be loosely defined as “a living being is any autonomous system with open-ended evolutionary capacities.”

Answer 4

Life

Question 5

refers to the organism’s relationship with its environment, as well as the mutual modifications of both, as well as the capacity of the organism to use matter and energy to create its own components.

Answer 5

autonomy

Question 6

refers to the capacity of living things to explore novel functions and relationships with their surroundings, including other living things.

Answer 6

open-ended evolution

Question 7

the explanation for all these suppositions on terrestrial life is observed by

Answer 7

Charles Darwin

Question 8

all organisms that are known are compared in order for the reconstruction of the metabolic and genetic makeup of the universal “cenancestor” proposed by Darwin.

Answer 8

top-down strategy

Question 9

two branches to the tree of life

Answer 9

bacteria and the Archaea

Question 10

is considered to originate from prokaryotic partners, and is a chimera.

Answer 10

Eukarya domain

Question 11

starts with planetary, cosmological, and geological information, as well as information from other sources that can be used to reconstruct the ambient, which are the chemical inventories and processes that are involved in the origin of life.

Answer 11

bottom-up approach

Question 12

fathered the notion that the origin of life has unfolded based on the physicochemical processes that occur on earth.

Answer 12

Aleksandr I. Oparin, 1920

Question 13

became the start of the prebiotic chemistry program

Answer 13

Urey-Miller, 1953

Question 14

Oparin’s theory is popularly known as the “_________,” referring to the acquatic origins of organisms.

Answer 14

primordial soup theory

Question 15

The atmosphere of the early earth was __________.

Answer 15

chemically-reducing

Question 16

This type of atmosphere, which was exposed to various forms of energy, was able to produce simple organic compounds

Answer 16

monomers

Question 17

the more complex organic compounds

Answer 17

polymers

Question 18

This promoted the proliferation of organisms that can survive in aerobic environments. In this scenario, then, life started as

Answer 18

heterotrophic and anoxygenic cells

Question 19

proposed that the origin of life was both autotrophic and thermophilic. He suggested that pyrite was the energy source, as well as the electron source, of all living matter.

Answer 19

Gunter Wachtershauser

Question 20

Upon considering the chart of the autotrophic evolution, then _______ theory is more plausible, as conferred by experts.

Answer 20

Oparin

Question 21

who discovered catalytic RNA

Answer 21

Tom Cech and Sydney Altman

Question 22

causes the formation of proteins from genetic materials

Answer 22

Catalytic RNA

Question 23

is the approach of breaking down complex systems into simpler systems that are more manageable for study.

Answer 23

Reductionism

Question 24

are properties that are new, and that emerge at each level of organization.

Answer 24

Emergent Properties

Question 25

a major theme in biology.

Answer 25

Structure and Function

Question 26

the basic unit of life structure and function.

Answer 26

The Cell

Question 27

The study of life can be as great as on a global scale, to as small as the study of cellular organisms.

Answer 27

Theme 1: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization

Question 28

The division of cells to form new cells is the basic foundation for the growth and reproduction of all organisms.

Answer 28

Theme 2: Life's Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information

Question 29

In the dividing cell this is replicated and then partitioned between two resulting daughter cells.

Answer 29

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 30

are the basic units of inheritance that transmits the genetic information from parents to offsprings.

Answer 30

Genes

Question 31

controls the development and maintenance of the whole organism. It is also responsible, albeit indirectly, for everything that the organism does.

Answer 31

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 32

nucleic acids

Answer 32

guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine

Question 33

The intermediate molecule is known as

Answer 33

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 34

The process of transcribing genetic information to proteins is known as

Answer 34

gene expression

Question 35

is the large-scale study of DNA sequences.

Answer 35

Genomics

Question 36

A fundamental characteristic of all living things is that they use energy to carry out their activities, and to sustain them. Growing and moving requires work, and this work requires energy.

Answer 36

Theme 3: Life Requires the Transmission and Transformation of Energy and Matter

Question 37

solar energy is transformed to chemical energy (sugar) through the process of

Answer 37

photosynthesis

Question 38

Ecosystem encompasses an organism's interaction with the physical environment and other organisms.

Answer 38

Theme 4: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions are Important in Biological Systems

Question 39

interact with organisms

Answer 39

Molecules

Question 40

The chemical processes of the cells are mediated by active proteins called

Answer 40

enzymes

Question 41

regulate themselves through a mechanism called feedback regulation.

Answer 41

Biological processes

Question 42

occurs when the accumulation of the end product halts the chemical process.

Answer 42

Negative feedback

Question 43

occurs when the product speeds up its own production

Answer 43

positive feedback

Question 44

Organisms exhibit the diversity as well as the unity of evolution.

Answer 44

Theme 5: Evolution is the Core Theme of Biology

Question 45

Darwin proposed the ________ , after observing animals from his boat, the SS Beagle.

Answer 45

theory of evolution