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G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI > 4: Introduction to Life Science > Flashcards

4: Introduction to Life Science Flashcards

1
Q

The first biography of life. This is based on the properties of cells and their ecological (biogeomechanical) consequences.

A

ontogenic, synthetic, and developmental

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2
Q

The second biography of life

A

historical-collective, populational, diachronic, and evolutionary process

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3
Q

The two main pillars that sustain life are

A

metabolism and genetics

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4
Q

Can be loosely defined as “a living being is any autonomous system with open-ended evolutionary capacities.”

A

Life

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5
Q

refers to the organism’s relationship with its environment, as well as the mutual modifications of both, as well as the capacity of the organism to use matter and energy to create its own components.

A

autonomy

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6
Q

refers to the capacity of living things to explore novel functions and relationships with their surroundings, including other living things.

A

open-ended evolution

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7
Q

the explanation for all these suppositions on terrestrial life is observed by

A

Charles Darwin

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8
Q

all organisms that are known are compared in order for the reconstruction of the metabolic and genetic makeup of the universal “cenancestor” proposed by Darwin.

A

top-down strategy

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9
Q

two branches to the tree of life

A

bacteria and the Archaea

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10
Q

is considered to originate from prokaryotic partners, and is a chimera.

A

Eukarya domain

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11
Q

starts with planetary, cosmological, and geological information, as well as information from other sources that can be used to reconstruct the ambient, which are the chemical inventories and processes that are involved in the origin of life.

A

bottom-up approach

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12
Q

fathered the notion that the origin of life has unfolded based on the physicochemical processes that occur on earth.

A

Aleksandr I. Oparin, 1920

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13
Q

became the start of the prebiotic chemistry program

A

Urey-Miller, 1953

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14
Q

Oparin’s theory is popularly known as the “_________,” referring to the acquatic origins of organisms.

A

primordial soup theory

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15
Q

The atmosphere of the early earth was __________.

A

chemically-reducing

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16
Q

This type of atmosphere, which was exposed to various forms of energy, was able to produce simple organic compounds

A

monomers

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17
Q

the more complex organic compounds

A

polymers

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18
Q

This promoted the proliferation of organisms that can survive in aerobic environments. In this scenario, then, life started as

A

heterotrophic and anoxygenic cells

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19
Q

proposed that the origin of life was both autotrophic and thermophilic. He suggested that pyrite was the energy source, as well as the electron source, of all living matter.

A

Gunter Wachtershauser

20
Q

Upon considering the chart of the autotrophic evolution, then _______ theory is more plausible, as conferred by experts.

A

Oparin

21
Q

who discovered catalytic RNA

A

Tom Cech and Sydney Altman

22
Q

causes the formation of proteins from genetic materials

A

Catalytic RNA

23
Q

is the approach of breaking down complex systems into simpler systems that are more manageable for study.

A

Reductionism

24
Q

are properties that are new, and that emerge at each level of organization.

A

Emergent Properties

25
Q

a major theme in biology.

A

Structure and Function

26
Q

the basic unit of life structure and function.

A

The Cell

27
Q

The study of life can be as great as on a global scale, to as small as the study of cellular organisms.

A

Theme 1: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization

28
Q

The division of cells to form new cells is the basic foundation for the growth and reproduction of all organisms.

A

Theme 2: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information

29
Q

In the dividing cell this is replicated and then partitioned between two resulting daughter cells.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

30
Q

are the basic units of inheritance that transmits the genetic information from parents to offsprings.

A

Genes

31
Q

controls the development and maintenance of the whole organism. It is also responsible, albeit indirectly, for everything that the organism does.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

32
Q

nucleic acids

A

guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine

33
Q

The intermediate molecule is known as

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

34
Q

The process of transcribing genetic information to proteins is known as

A

gene expression

35
Q

is the large-scale study of DNA sequences.

A

Genomics

36
Q

A fundamental characteristic of all living things is that they use energy to carry out their activities, and to sustain them. Growing and moving requires work, and this work requires energy.

A

Theme 3: Life Requires the Transmission and Transformation of Energy and Matter

37
Q

solar energy is transformed to chemical energy (sugar) through the process of

A

photosynthesis

38
Q

Ecosystem encompasses an organism’s interaction with the physical environment and other organisms.

A

Theme 4: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions are Important in Biological Systems

39
Q

interact with organisms

A

Molecules

40
Q

The chemical processes of the cells are mediated by active proteins called

A

enzymes

41
Q

regulate themselves through a mechanism called feedback regulation.

A

Biological processes

42
Q

occurs when the accumulation of the end product halts the chemical process.

A

Negative feedback

43
Q

occurs when the product speeds up its own production

A

positive feedback

44
Q

Organisms exhibit the diversity as well as the unity of evolution.

A

Theme 5: Evolution is the Core Theme of Biology

45
Q

Darwin proposed the ________ , after observing animals from his boat, the SS Beagle.

A

theory of evolution

G11 Q1 EARTH AND LIFE SCI (8 decks)

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