4: Introduction to Life Science Flashcards
The first biography of life. This is based on the properties of cells and their ecological (biogeomechanical) consequences.
ontogenic, synthetic, and developmental
The second biography of life
historical-collective, populational, diachronic, and evolutionary process
The two main pillars that sustain life are
metabolism and genetics
Can be loosely defined as “a living being is any autonomous system with open-ended evolutionary capacities.”
Life
refers to the organism’s relationship with its environment, as well as the mutual modifications of both, as well as the capacity of the organism to use matter and energy to create its own components.
autonomy
refers to the capacity of living things to explore novel functions and relationships with their surroundings, including other living things.
open-ended evolution
the explanation for all these suppositions on terrestrial life is observed by
Charles Darwin
all organisms that are known are compared in order for the reconstruction of the metabolic and genetic makeup of the universal “cenancestor” proposed by Darwin.
top-down strategy
two branches to the tree of life
bacteria and the Archaea
is considered to originate from prokaryotic partners, and is a chimera.
Eukarya domain
starts with planetary, cosmological, and geological information, as well as information from other sources that can be used to reconstruct the ambient, which are the chemical inventories and processes that are involved in the origin of life.
bottom-up approach
fathered the notion that the origin of life has unfolded based on the physicochemical processes that occur on earth.
Aleksandr I. Oparin, 1920
became the start of the prebiotic chemistry program
Urey-Miller, 1953
Oparin’s theory is popularly known as the “_________,” referring to the acquatic origins of organisms.
primordial soup theory
The atmosphere of the early earth was __________.
chemically-reducing
This type of atmosphere, which was exposed to various forms of energy, was able to produce simple organic compounds
monomers
the more complex organic compounds
polymers
This promoted the proliferation of organisms that can survive in aerobic environments. In this scenario, then, life started as
heterotrophic and anoxygenic cells
proposed that the origin of life was both autotrophic and thermophilic. He suggested that pyrite was the energy source, as well as the electron source, of all living matter.
Gunter Wachtershauser
Upon considering the chart of the autotrophic evolution, then _______ theory is more plausible, as conferred by experts.
Oparin
who discovered catalytic RNA
Tom Cech and Sydney Altman
causes the formation of proteins from genetic materials
Catalytic RNA
is the approach of breaking down complex systems into simpler systems that are more manageable for study.
Reductionism
are properties that are new, and that emerge at each level of organization.
Emergent Properties
a major theme in biology.
Structure and Function
the basic unit of life structure and function.
The Cell
The study of life can be as great as on a global scale, to as small as the study of cellular organisms.
Theme 1: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
The division of cells to form new cells is the basic foundation for the growth and reproduction of all organisms.
Theme 2: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
In the dividing cell this is replicated and then partitioned between two resulting daughter cells.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
are the basic units of inheritance that transmits the genetic information from parents to offsprings.
Genes
controls the development and maintenance of the whole organism. It is also responsible, albeit indirectly, for everything that the organism does.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleic acids
guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine
The intermediate molecule is known as
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The process of transcribing genetic information to proteins is known as
gene expression
is the large-scale study of DNA sequences.
Genomics
A fundamental characteristic of all living things is that they use energy to carry out their activities, and to sustain them. Growing and moving requires work, and this work requires energy.
Theme 3: Life Requires the Transmission and Transformation of Energy and Matter
solar energy is transformed to chemical energy (sugar) through the process of
photosynthesis
Ecosystem encompasses an organism’s interaction with the physical environment and other organisms.
Theme 4: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions are Important in Biological Systems
interact with organisms
Molecules
The chemical processes of the cells are mediated by active proteins called
enzymes
regulate themselves through a mechanism called feedback regulation.
Biological processes
occurs when the accumulation of the end product halts the chemical process.
Negative feedback
occurs when the product speeds up its own production
positive feedback
Organisms exhibit the diversity as well as the unity of evolution.
Theme 5: Evolution is the Core Theme of Biology
Darwin proposed the ________ , after observing animals from his boat, the SS Beagle.
theory of evolution
