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Micro Exam 3 > 6: Parasites > Flashcards

6: Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

tape test

A

used for pin worm

to see if there are eggs on childs rear

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2
Q

Parasite definition

A

organism that benefits at the expense of the host

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3
Q

3 types of parasitic disease

A

protozoan
helminths
arthropods (vectors. not parasites)

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4
Q

protozoan

A

single celled eukaryotes

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5
Q

helminths

A

multicellular. usually euk worms

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6
Q

arthropods

A

insects that TRANSMIT disease

play a role in lifecycle of parasite

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7
Q

what do the worms have?

A

generally digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory and reproductive systems

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8
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

protozoan
fecal-oral
oocysts are the infective from… takes just 10 to cause infection

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9
Q

what does crypto infect

A

humans
cattle
llamas, pigs, deer

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10
Q

symptoms of crypto

A

extreme diarrhea for 10-14 days
dehydration
flatulance and bloating
nausea and vommiting

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11
Q

treatment of crypto

A

pretty ineffective drugs (but there are some)

NO VACCINE

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12
Q

immunoflourescent assay

A

helps find the protozoan to diagnose the disease

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13
Q

why do we care about Crypto

A

treatments not the best
deadly in immuncompromised people and kids

potential bioweapon… easy to put in water

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14
Q

where do people get crypto

A

pools
camping (contaminated water from wildlife)
daycares
farms

takes a long time for the chlorine to work to kill it

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15
Q

crypto outbreak in Milwaukee

A

104 died, 403,000 infected
because they changed the filtration system for the water

noticed bc all the pepto bismol was bought up

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16
Q

crypto in children

A

20% of all childhood diarrhea worlwide
cause poor cognitive function and inability to thrive

can be deadly

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17
Q

Giardia

A

water borne protozoan

ID’ed by immunoflourescent assay

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18
Q

Trypanosomiasis

A

African (T. brucei)… mostly south america

American (T. cruzi)

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19
Q

Spread of African Trypanosomiasis

A

seitzie fly bite… saliva

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20
Q

Spread of American Trypanosomiasis

A

Kissing bug defication before feeding

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21
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

African
protozoan parasite
bloodborne pathogen via vector
quick and slow versions

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22
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Quick version

A

fever, headache, swollen lymph node

later invades CNS, mental deterioration, death within a MONTH

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23
Q

Trypanosoma brucei Slow version

A

initially: no symptoms
1-2 years later: fever, headache, muscle ache, swollen lymph node
mental deterioration, fevers, personality changes, sleep changes, paralysis, death after 3 years

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24
Q

Trypanosoma brucei treatment and prevention

A

Drugs if you catch it early
no vaccine

avoid contact with bugs

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25
Q

why there is no vaccine for Trypanosoma brucei

A

Antigenic variation: the protozoa changes its coat proteins to avoid being caught and killed

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26
Q

Antigenic variation:

A

changing coat proteins (surface antigens)

so that immune cells can’t catch it and kill it

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27
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

American Trypnosomasis
Chagas disease
spread by kissing bug.. its on you, you rub it in, gets to blood stream

bugs bite at night when CO2 and heat around your face

anesthetic bite… you don’t feel it

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28
Q

How to differntiate cruzi from brucei

A

cruzi is C shaped
brucei is elongated

easy to pick out in endemic countries (south america)

29
Q

Trypanosoma…

A

you can get cruzi and other trypanosomaisis

makes it harder to diagnose
some species dont cause any harm… so it can make diagnosis hard and more important

30
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

protozoan parasite
bloodborne pathogen spread by vector
acute and chronic

31
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi acute

A

swollen eye (Romanas sign), fever, fatigue, aches, muscle pain, headache, rash, diarrhea

32
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi chronic

A

spreads to tissues
parasites not in blood, so asymptomatic
BUT in 20-30 years enlargement of organs bc immune system attacks body cells can cause DEATH

spread by blood transfusion

33
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi treatment and prevention

A

actute: drugs
chronic: some help from drugs, no cure
Prevention: blood screening, mosquito nets, pesticides

34
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: ways it can be spread other than by kissing bug

A

breast milk
congenital
lab accidents
blood transfusions

35
Q

Why we care about Trypanosomasis

A 
More than 10,000 new yearly Africa cases
Cousin vector in S. US. 
rampant in US wildlife 
41,000 new cases in endemic countries orally
14,400 new congenital cases annually
36
Q

congenital

A

spread from mother to fetus across placenta

37
Q

Tape worms

A

Flat worms
Taenia
Hemlinths
Oral transmission from tainted meat

38
Q

Taenia solium

A

pork tapeworm
Pigs (not humans) intended to ingest the eggs
if humans ingest eggs: they go to your brain and make it holey

humans are supposed to get it from pig meat

39
Q

Taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm

40
Q

tapeworm symptoms

A

pretty much none

41
Q

tapeworm treatment

A

drugs

no vaccine

42
Q

Taenia solium: why do we care

A

can cause cytercerocis which leads to neurocystercerosis
holes in brain!

under reported and hard to diagnose

43
Q

neurocystercerosis from Taenia solium

A

seizures, headaches, confusion, imbalance, brain swelling, excess fluid, stroke, DEATH

44
Q

looking for Taenia solium

A

check pig’s tongue for knobs

look at meat for knobby cyst

45
Q

Ascaris

A 
round worm 
Heminths: largest and most common in human 
Oral transmission 
Ascaraiasis (disease it causes)
neglected tropical disease
46
Q

Ascaris reproduction

A

eggs can live for 15 years
1 worm can make 200,000 eggs per day

so number you have is important, more worms are way worse than a few

47
Q

spread of Ascaris

A

human fertilizer used in developing countires
contaimanted water
not cleaned food

48
Q

Ascaris symptoms

A 
none in 85% of cases with few worms
organ inflammation
intestinal 
bowel obstruction 
malnutrition (bc worms take up lots of room)
49
Q

treatment of Ascaris

A

drugs, surgical intervention

no vaccines

50
Q

prevention of Ascaris

A

clean your food!
don’t use “night soil” (human feces) for fertilzer
improve sanitation

filtration to remove eggs

51
Q

why we care about Ascaris

A

really common in Africa, SE Asia, and sometimes in US Gulf Coast… 2% of US pop (4 million ppl)

52
Q

Malaria

A

Protozoa spread by athropod

Plasmodium: 5 species

53
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria
spread by Anopheles moquito via bite
5 species… different symptom durations for each

54
Q

Anopheles

A

mosquito that spreads Plasmodium (Malaria)

DEFINITIVE host for plasmodium

55
Q

definitive host

A

harbors sexual reproductive stage

anaopheles mosquito for plasmodium

56
Q

intermediate hosts

A

asexual reproduction/non-reproductive forms

human for plasmodium

57
Q

reproduction of plasmodium

A

sexual and asexual (binary fission type thing)

58
Q

Prevention of Malaria

A

we used to use DDT

now: Netting, control breeding sites, change water salinity, kill mosquitos

59
Q

malaria vaccine

A

there isn’t one

hard to make because of ANTIGENIC VARIATION (parasite changes coat protein)

60
Q

Once plasmodium gets into host:

A

1 hour from injection of sporozoites to liver
in 1 week: 10,000 offspring from ONE parasite in LIVER
Go to RBC: 10-20 more parasites once it gets to RBC

2 weeks: ONE parasite becomes millions

61
Q

Malaria symptoms

A 
headache
fever
spleen enlargement and then hardening
chills, sweating
dry cough
nausea and vomiting
ANEMIA
organ failure
62
Q

why Malaria causes Anemia

A

effects RBCs…body isn’t getting the O2 you need

63
Q

Malaria and Spleen

A

becomes soft at first, can be easily ruptured

then hardens, loses function

64
Q

why aren’t there new anti-malaria drugs

A

Because of Big Pharma… there would not be enough monetary incentive since the people who need the drug don’t have the money and wed basically have to give it away

65
Q

Malaria and multiple infections

A

limited acquired immunity… you can lose it in just 9 months to lose partial immunity

66
Q

Malaria and history

A

fall of Roman Empire
Rise of Christianity
over 1 million deaths in Civil War

67
Q

Malaria and other diseases

A

increase in HIV transmission because children with severe Malaria need blood transfusions

68
Q

Other reasons we care about Malaria

A

40% of Malaria drugs in Asia are counterfeit
219 million cases world wide, 660,000 deaths in 2010
HUGE economic loss: $12 billion a year just in Africa

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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