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Micro Exam 3 > 2: Immunology Part 2 > Flashcards

2: Immunology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

A

fungal respiratory illness in Ohio River Valley

spread in feces of bats and small birds

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2
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

small peptides secreted by HOST epitehilal cells
like antibiotics: can kill microbes or inhibit growth
normal flora and pathogens tend to be resistant
mostly in mucus
CAMP

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3
Q

CAMP

A 
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide
antimicrobial peptide type
Positively charged resideues
plant and animals dont have charges on outside part of membranes
bacteria have NEG charge outside
so camps bind here and lyse bacteria
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4
Q

how CAMPs work

A

shape causes bending of bacterial membrande until contents fly out

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5
Q

another antimicrobial peptide type

A

differences in cholesterol

some microbial peptides are inhibited by bacter bc we have it and bacteria dont

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6
Q

Complement Cascade

A

30 proteins made by liver and secreted into sera (all fluids but mucus)
found out that if WBCs were remove, there was still something in the sera that could kill bacteria

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7
Q

3 functions of complement cascade

A

osponization
cytolysis
inflammation

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8
Q

features of complement cascade

A 
immune peptides
non-adaptive
circulates in blood 
reacts iwth common components of microbes
produced by liver
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9
Q

osponization

A

endocytosis that is facillitead

decorate bacteria with complement proteins so phagocyte can grab and eat it

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10
Q

inflammation

A

create a gradient immune cells follow to site of infection

peptides diffuse away and recruit immun cells

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11
Q

cytolysis

A

nonspecific
MAC attack
cytolysis on any neighboring cells…host or pathogen, cant differentiate
form pores in the membrane and kill cells
Proteins on our cells reduce MAC attack, so few of our cells are actually killed

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12
Q

C3

A

central controlling protein of complement cascade

multiple ways to turn it on, once its on… osponization, cytloysis and inflammation. ALWAYS ALL THREE

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13
Q

proenzyme

A

innactive form of enzyme
can be activated by modification
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

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14
Q

most complement proteins activated by…

A

proteolysis (cleavage)

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15
Q

proteolysis

A

cleavage

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16
Q

C3B

A

coat cell surface (osponization ) and cleavage of C5

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17
Q

C3A

A

diffuse of site of bacteria. Inflammation

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18
Q

amplification of signal

A

one activation of C3b can turn on lots of C5s…
C5b activates lots of C6
lots of MAC attack

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19
Q

Classical Pathway

A

antibody clustering
activation of C1… protelysis of C2 and C4
they form C2aC4b complex… which activates C3

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20
Q

Classical Pathway chekcs

A

need lots of antibodies clustering and bound to epitope

signal goes through 2 proteins… need high enough and equal concs of C2 and C4 to makes sure its stable

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21
Q

Classical Pathway requires…

A

an adaptive response

ANTIBODY

22
Q

Alternate Pathway

A

innate protein binds to things found on just microbes

23
Q

Alternate Pathway checks

A

need all 3 factors: B, D, and P bound at same time in close proximity
clustering and reinforcement of signal like in classical

24
Q

Lectin Pathway

A

lectin is a protein floating in blood that binds to bacterial surfaces
enough binding activates C2 and C4

25
Q

Lectin Pathway checks

A

need lots of mannose on surface for lectin bind
bind a lot of lectin
not as many checks as other

26
Q

inflammation by complement

A

2 diffusable peptides from C3: C3a and C5a both turn on mast cells (which release lots of pro-inflammatory cytokines-histamines)
C5a also attracts phagocytes and neutrophils

27
Q

Interferon and Proeasome

A

secreted peptide, signalling moelc
transcription activated in response to intracellular pathogens
released by cells that have been infected by virus to change neighbor cells to make them more resistant
inc antigen presentation
inc proteasome activity

28
Q

why inc proteasome activity

A

proteasome becomes more active and chews up more stuff

effeciancy of virus decerased bc proteins go to proteosome and get degraded.

29
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

monocytes–> macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils

30
Q

cells that induce apoptosis

A

natural killer cells

31
Q

secretion cells

A

basophils
eosinophils
mast cells

32
Q

granulocytes

A

basophils

eosinophils

33
Q

mast cells

A

send out histamine

recurit other cells

34
Q

cells that respond to kill large parasites (exclusively)

A

basophils
eosinophils

mast cells and macrophages?

35
Q

cells for adaptive immunity

A

T and B

36
Q

where do all these cells come from

A

bone marrow

37
Q

wht decides specilization

A

cytokines in blood

due to normal flora and diseases present at time f division

38
Q

antibacterial cells

A

macrophage
dendritic cells
neutrophils

39
Q

neutrophils

A

pus
phagocytosis and destroy bacteria
grannules are super strong lysosomes for bact. digestion
produce reactive oxygen molecs (kill bacteria, damage nearby tissue… bad smell of pus)
most common WBC, least complex

40
Q

macrophage

A

endycotise and kill bact
control responses… release cytokines to control other cells
present antigens locally to T cells to decide weather major or minor infection
secretes cytolytic compounds
kills everything… Godzilla
responds to bacteria AND parasites

41
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

similar to macrophages
Antigen presentation (but not locally)
take stuff from site, go to lymph node to consult with developing adaptive immune cells.
try to get adaptive immune response to get future response
perifpheral sites

42
Q

eosinophils

A

kill parasites
granules: perforins secreted at parasites to kill them
cant endocytos bc parasites are too big, digest outside
require antibodies
bind to surface of parasite, excrete stuff to digest and recruit

43
Q

what else can kill parasite

A

macrophages
also require antibodies
controller like before

44
Q

basophils

A 
essentially circulatinb mast cells
specific for large parasites
require antibodies
release of granules with histamines
recruit eosinophills
lots of them in blood indcates that you have had a parasite at some point

allergic responses

45
Q

Mast cells

A

security alarm of immune system
coated with antibodies, but DOESN’T require them for function
releases ALL granules when activated, causes local inflammation
CAN respond to ANYTHING: bacteria, virus, parasite
in periphery, surveillance
Identify trouble areas and deal, so lots in
respiratory and intestinal tract, not so much on forearm

46
Q

what is an allergy?

A

when immune system messes up
associates a pattern that is not pathogenic with a pathogen
over-reaction

47
Q

H & E staining

A

Hematoxylin
Eosin
PMNs

48
Q

Hematoxylin

A

stains DNA, RNA, and acidic components

blue/purple

49
Q

Eosin

A

cytosol, cells, collage

red/pink

50
Q

PMNs

A

immune cells

red/pink with odd shaped nucleus

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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