2: Immunology Part 2 Flashcards
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
fungal respiratory illness in Ohio River Valley
spread in feces of bats and small birds
antimicrobial peptides
small peptides secreted by HOST epitehilal cells
like antibiotics: can kill microbes or inhibit growth
normal flora and pathogens tend to be resistant
mostly in mucus
CAMP
CAMP
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide antimicrobial peptide type Positively charged resideues plant and animals dont have charges on outside part of membranes bacteria have NEG charge outside so camps bind here and lyse bacteria
how CAMPs work
shape causes bending of bacterial membrande until contents fly out
another antimicrobial peptide type
differences in cholesterol
some microbial peptides are inhibited by bacter bc we have it and bacteria dont
Complement Cascade
30 proteins made by liver and secreted into sera (all fluids but mucus)
found out that if WBCs were remove, there was still something in the sera that could kill bacteria
3 functions of complement cascade
osponization
cytolysis
inflammation
features of complement cascade
immune peptides non-adaptive circulates in blood reacts iwth common components of microbes produced by liver
osponization
endocytosis that is facillitead
decorate bacteria with complement proteins so phagocyte can grab and eat it
inflammation
create a gradient immune cells follow to site of infection
peptides diffuse away and recruit immun cells
cytolysis
nonspecific
MAC attack
cytolysis on any neighboring cells…host or pathogen, cant differentiate
form pores in the membrane and kill cells
Proteins on our cells reduce MAC attack, so few of our cells are actually killed
C3
central controlling protein of complement cascade
multiple ways to turn it on, once its on… osponization, cytloysis and inflammation. ALWAYS ALL THREE
proenzyme
innactive form of enzyme
can be activated by modification
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS
most complement proteins activated by…
proteolysis (cleavage)
proteolysis
cleavage
C3B
coat cell surface (osponization ) and cleavage of C5
C3A
diffuse of site of bacteria. Inflammation
amplification of signal
one activation of C3b can turn on lots of C5s…
C5b activates lots of C6
lots of MAC attack
Classical Pathway
antibody clustering
activation of C1… protelysis of C2 and C4
they form C2aC4b complex… which activates C3
Classical Pathway chekcs
need lots of antibodies clustering and bound to epitope
signal goes through 2 proteins… need high enough and equal concs of C2 and C4 to makes sure its stable
Classical Pathway requires…
an adaptive response
ANTIBODY
Alternate Pathway
innate protein binds to things found on just microbes
Alternate Pathway checks
need all 3 factors: B, D, and P bound at same time in close proximity
clustering and reinforcement of signal like in classical
Lectin Pathway
lectin is a protein floating in blood that binds to bacterial surfaces
enough binding activates C2 and C4
Lectin Pathway checks
need lots of mannose on surface for lectin bind
bind a lot of lectin
not as many checks as other
inflammation by complement
2 diffusable peptides from C3: C3a and C5a both turn on mast cells (which release lots of pro-inflammatory cytokines-histamines)
C5a also attracts phagocytes and neutrophils
Interferon and Proeasome
secreted peptide, signalling moelc
transcription activated in response to intracellular pathogens
released by cells that have been infected by virus to change neighbor cells to make them more resistant
inc antigen presentation
inc proteasome activity
why inc proteasome activity
proteasome becomes more active and chews up more stuff
effeciancy of virus decerased bc proteins go to proteosome and get degraded.
Phagocytic cells
monocytes–> macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
cells that induce apoptosis
natural killer cells
secretion cells
basophils
eosinophils
mast cells
granulocytes
basophils
eosinophils
mast cells
send out histamine
recurit other cells
cells that respond to kill large parasites (exclusively)
basophils
eosinophils
mast cells and macrophages?
cells for adaptive immunity
T and B
where do all these cells come from
bone marrow
wht decides specilization
cytokines in blood
due to normal flora and diseases present at time f division
antibacterial cells
macrophage
dendritic cells
neutrophils
neutrophils
pus
phagocytosis and destroy bacteria
grannules are super strong lysosomes for bact. digestion
produce reactive oxygen molecs (kill bacteria, damage nearby tissue… bad smell of pus)
most common WBC, least complex
macrophage
endycotise and kill bact
control responses… release cytokines to control other cells
present antigens locally to T cells to decide weather major or minor infection
secretes cytolytic compounds
kills everything… Godzilla
responds to bacteria AND parasites
Dendritic Cells
similar to macrophages
Antigen presentation (but not locally)
take stuff from site, go to lymph node to consult with developing adaptive immune cells.
try to get adaptive immune response to get future response
perifpheral sites
eosinophils
kill parasites
granules: perforins secreted at parasites to kill them
cant endocytos bc parasites are too big, digest outside
require antibodies
bind to surface of parasite, excrete stuff to digest and recruit
what else can kill parasite
macrophages
also require antibodies
controller like before
basophils
essentially circulatinb mast cells specific for large parasites require antibodies release of granules with histamines recruit eosinophills lots of them in blood indcates that you have had a parasite at some point
allergic responses
Mast cells
security alarm of immune system
coated with antibodies, but DOESN’T require them for function
releases ALL granules when activated, causes local inflammation
CAN respond to ANYTHING: bacteria, virus, parasite
in periphery, surveillance
Identify trouble areas and deal, so lots in
respiratory and intestinal tract, not so much on forearm
what is an allergy?
when immune system messes up
associates a pattern that is not pathogenic with a pathogen
over-reaction
H & E staining
Hematoxylin
Eosin
PMNs
Hematoxylin
stains DNA, RNA, and acidic components
blue/purple
Eosin
cytosol, cells, collage
red/pink
PMNs
immune cells
red/pink with odd shaped nucleus
