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Micro Exam 3 > 1: The Human Immune System: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

1: The Human Immune System: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

candida albicans

A

eukaryote model organism
causes most infections of humans
part of normal flora

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2
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A 
brewers yeast- fungi... EUKARYOTE
fermentation leads to ethanol production
wine beer, leaving of bread (from CO2 production)
Non-pathogen usually
model organism
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3
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism

A 
sexual AND asexual reproduction 
budding division 
secretion
cell division
eukaryotic cell signaling 
short division time
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4
Q

Break down of Immunity

A

Innate Immunity: First and Second lines of defense

Adaptive immunity: Third line of defense

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5
Q

Innate immunity:

A

born with it. it grows, but DOES NOT ADAPT

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6
Q

what is it that is making us feel ill?

A

immune responses

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7
Q

Innate immunity: First Line of Defense

A

intact skin
mucous membranes and secretions
normal microbiotia

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8
Q

Innate immunity: Second Line of Defense

A

Phagocytes (neutrophuls, eosiophils, dendrtic cells, macrophages)
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances

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9
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Adapts over time. Able to learn

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10
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Third Line of Defense

A

specialized lymphocytes: T and B cells

antibodies

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11
Q

the goal of the immune system

A

to prevent pathogens and cultivate normal flora

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12
Q

antigens (general)

A

molecular patterns. can be proteins, carbs, lipids etc

have epitopes

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13
Q

epitope

A

part of antigen
specific patterns recognized by immune system
subset of atigens

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14
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
not found in normal human body… like LPS
sometimes called MAMPs (microbe)
innate immunity

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15
Q

Receptors types for PAPMs

A

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and Pattern Recognition Receptors

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16
Q

why call them MAMPs/

A

include ALL microbes, not just pathogens

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17
Q

Cytokines and chemokines

A 
lingo of the immune system
why you feel sick
small diffusable chems/peptides used in cell communication
immunostimulatory
immunosuppressive
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18
Q

immunostimulatory

A

pro-inflammatory

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19
Q

immunosuppressive

A

anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

antibody

A

PROTEIN secreted by B cells
specifically bind to an epitope
ADAPTIVE immune response
recognize epitopes on antigens from previous disease

recognizes just one epitope

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21
Q

Antigen

A

protein or other NOT FROM HOST
recognized by immune system

one antigen can have multiple epitopes

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22
Q

Epitope

A

amino acid sequence or structure recognized by SPECIFIC immune cell

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23
Q

how vaccines work

A

inject antigen into body
immune response stimulated
antibodies respond to antigen
may be many different responses to same antigen

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24
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

the way macrophages sense the world

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25
Q

macrophages on and off

A

resting macrophage until activated… good
internal changes turn it on… like kicking a beehive
nonspecific responses… kills everything around it, self or non-self

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26
Q

TLR-2

A

Gram Positive Bacteria: PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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27
Q

TRL-4

A

LPS of Gram Negative Bacteria

28
Q

LPS Receptor (CD14)

A

LPS of Gram Negative Bacteria

29
Q

Scavenger receptor

A

non-self carbohydrages

parasites

30
Q

glucan receptor

A

parasites

31
Q

mannose receptor

A

parasites

32
Q

What DON’T macrophages recongize

A

viruses!

33
Q

what do macrophages kill

A

Cells, any cell around it

goal: cellular pathogens

34
Q

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)

A 
receptors in HOST CELLS
bind to non-host moelcs
signal cell to start immune response
First recognition of pathogens 
different TLRs activate in response to different ligands
PAMP
35
Q

TLRs and viruses

A

recognize dislocalized nucleotides like:
double stranded RNA in cytosol
neuclic acids in endosome

36
Q

So What do TLRs recognize?

A

bacteria, fungi (yeasts), viruses

37
Q

Cytokines… in the overall process

A

after TLRs activate, signaling occurs

protein secretion, activation of immune cells, migration to infection site/proliferation of immune cells

38
Q

cytokines… what they do

A

signaling molecs that transmit immunological information
Pro-inflammatory
Anti-inflmmatory

39
Q

Pro-inflammatory

A

activate immune cels like macrophages and stim innate AND adaptive immune cells to migrate to site of disturbance

40
Q

Anti-inflmmatory

A

turn of activated cells

after pathogens dealt with, these chems stop more damage from occuring. ends inflammatory response

41
Q

Skin

A

keep stuff out.

Dead cells… non-vital cells

42
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most outer layer. dead cells

43
Q

epidermis

A

squamous cells

makes cells that turn into keratinocytes

44
Q

dermis

A

blood vessils, follicles

45
Q

immune functions of skin

A

low pH?
subum: skin oil. has antimicrobial peptides
physical barrier
perspiration: lysozymes

46
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme to cultivate bacteria

digests peptidoglycan

47
Q

Mucus Membranes

A

surfaces exposed to bacteria

soft/live barrier.

48
Q

where are most infections?

A

through skin. but they go away quickly

49
Q

where are most illnesses?

A

mucous membranes

50
Q

What is mucus made of?

A

glycoprotein

51
Q

What makes mucus?

A

goblet cells

amount of mucus made is proportional to bacteria present (including normal flora)

52
Q

ciliated cells

A

move mucus towards exits

53
Q

epithelial cells

A 
digestive tract and respiratory tract (connected) 
urogentical tract (not connected)
54
Q

Mucus membrane secretions

A 
saliva
gastric juice
vaginal secretions 
atimicrobial peptides
mucus
55
Q

saliva

A

pH of 6.55-6.85

lysozyme

56
Q

gastric juice

A

pH of 1-3
digestive enzymes
PPIs stop acid secretion in stomach. but this has little effect on immune system
bile acids break up fats

57
Q

vaginal secretions

A

glycogen broken down to lactic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus

this DECREASES pH, prevents yeast

58
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

lysozyme

small proteins made by body that kill some bacterial species

59
Q

Innate immunity 1.5: Bloodborne Immunity

A 
Complement System (w. 30 peptides)
Cellular immunity: WBCs, innate and adaptive immunity
60
Q

Inflammation

A

process of body responding to activation of INNATE receptor

due to release of cytokines from surveillance cells

61
Q

systematic inflammation

A

feeling ill, all over body

62
Q

local inflammation

A 
like a pimple.
rednesss at one spot 
recruitment of WBCs
pus
clearance
repair
63
Q

Vasodilation

A

opeing of capillaries. Process:

  • infiltration of fluid
  • swelling
  • heat
64
Q

Phagocyte Micgration and Inflammation

A

chemotaxis of phagocytic cells
macrophages and PMN
WBCs that swallow stuff
they follow chemokines

65
Q

Tissue repair

A

after inflammation

platelet repair

66
Q

Fever

A

systemic response to cytokines where core temp is raised
can keep certain pathogens from reproducing.
can be good or bad

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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