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Micro Exam 3 > 5: Fungi and Medical Mycology > Flashcards

5: Fungi and Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Clonochis sinesis spread

A

through undercooked beef, pork, dog

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2
Q

difference between fission and budding yeast

A

how they divide

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3
Q

how many times can yeasts bud?

A

24

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4
Q

fission yeast

A

divide right down the middle over and over (basically limitless)

daughter cells of equal size

schizosaccharomyces pombe

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5
Q

Zygomycete Rhizopus

A

sexual: mostly haploid, one diploid phase
asexual: all haploid
can live whole life haploid

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6
Q

haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

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7
Q

diploid

A

two sets of chromsomes

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8
Q

Zygomycete Rhizopus sexual

A

if hyphae run into a differntly sexed hyphae (pheremones)

Plasmogomy occurs, zygospore (diploid) produced, a new combo created

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9
Q

plasmogomy

A

formation of zygospore

fungal sex

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10
Q

zygospore

A

diploid product of plasmogomy

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11
Q

Zygomycete Rhizopus asexual

A

hyphase gros
sporangiospore formse
sporangiospore bursts and releases spores

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12
Q

ascomycete: Talaromyces

A

spore prodcuing structures of sexual and asexual forms look different

more diploid cells in this genus

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13
Q

Basidomycete

A

thalus (mushroom)

primary function is lifting of spores off the ground for greater travel ability

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14
Q

Fairy Rings

A

spore lands in the middle, hyphae grow in different directions, encounter different sexed fungi, ring grows
EX of plasmogomy

pretty rare, usually a line or curve not ring

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15
Q

Medical problems caused by Fungi

A

allergies
poisoning
infections (opportunistic or systematic)

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16
Q

Fungal allergies

A

reaction of mast cells to fungal spores=allergy
NOT reaction to the spore, reaction to DIFFUSABLE COMPOUNDS from the spore
Type I hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Fungal Allergies: Dust mites

A

Der p1 from dust mite fecal pellet (Der p1 is a diffusible antigen)
pellet stays in airway, Der p1 diffuses away, runs into dendtritic/mast cells, T cells react
IgE made by plasma cells
antibodies put on mast cells,
mast cells degranulate when they run into Der p1:
allergies in upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

why did “allergy” pathway evolve?

A

to deal with PATHOGENS, not for dust mite feces diffusables

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19
Q

Fungal Poisoning

A

aflatoxin
ergot
death cap
psilocybin

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20
Q

Fungal Poisoning: aflatoxin

A

produced by aspergillus
aflotoxin not toxic, but liver converts it to toxin compound, causes liver problems like cance
found in stored grains
almost all commercial peanut butter has small amoungs of it
no way to store peanuts out of ground w/o aspergillus growing

mostly just a problem if its in ALL your grains, less developed countries.

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21
Q

Aflatoxin and liver cancer world wide

A

lots of liver cancer due to the toxin in places where grains are stored poorly and for a long time between harvest and consuming

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22
Q

Fungal Poisoning: Ergot

A

grows in grains after maturation and when very wet
alkaloid ergotamine toxin… causes halucinations
can be good for vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Rye Bread: ergot in it caused hallucinations assocaited with voices heard during Salem witch trials and Preists deciding to kill Jews and Muslims in the Spanish inquisition

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23
Q

Fungal Poisoning: Death Cap

A

amanita phalloides: death cap mushroom
#1 cause of fatal human fungal ingestion
Phalloidin-toxin and lab reagent binds to polymerized actin

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24
Q

Death Cap action

A

phalloidin prevents depolymerization of actin

uncompetative inhibition

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25
Q

Fungal Poisoning: Psilocybin

A

hallucinations, in the new world
Psilobcybe mexicana is a psycedelic mushroom
called “Flesh of the gods” by Aztecs
schizophrenia like psychosis

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26
Q

so what hurts us with fungal toxins?

A

the METABOLIC BYPRODUCTS that the organisms make
NOT the fungi
its not the goal of fungi to kill us

sometimes fungi use us as a food source though

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27
Q

Superficial Fungal infections

A

epidermis surface, little or no inflammation

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28
Q

cutaneous fungal infections

A

skin, hair, nail

29
Q

how to fungi eat?

A

absorption

secrete enzymes, absorb

30
Q

subcutaneous fungal infections

A

dermis infection (bellow skin)

31
Q

systemic fungal infections

A

deep tissue
pulmonary
opportunistic

32
Q

superficial mycosis

A 
common in tropics
easy to treat
cosmetic problem 
hair (piedras)
skin (tinea nigra, pityriasis versicolor)
33
Q

Hair infections

A 
black piedra
white piedra
grow in hair follicle
sometimes nodules in hair
used to be seen as a sign of health (so did lice)
34
Q

black piedra

A

hair
adherent, black, hard, gritty nodules
in the tropics
Trichosporon ovoides

35
Q

white piedra

A

subtropics and temperate (US)
several Trichosporon species
used to test w/ UV light bc they had floursesnce protein, but we basically killed off this species bc we could ID them easily

36
Q

cutaneous mycosis

A

30 species of fungi infect human skin
hair, nails, epidermis only
direct contact with infected person or pet
indirect contact with shower flower, barber clippers, wet floor

37
Q

ringworm

A

tinea
broken down medically by where it occurs
DISEASE not genus

38
Q

tinea pedis

A

feet

ringworm

39
Q

tinea capitis

A

scalp
defoliates hair, temporary baldness
micosporum canis: species from dogs to humans
(ringworm)

40
Q

tinea unguium

A

nails

ringworm

41
Q

tinea corpus

A

body

ringworm

42
Q

tinea cruvis

A

groin

ringworm

43
Q

tinea barbae

A

beard

ringworm

44
Q

Dermatomycoses-dermatophytes

A

cellular immune response invoked
ring worm (tinea)
ID’d by disease, not genus

45
Q

disease vs. species

A

disease: group of symptoms medically ID’d, can be caused by multiple species
Species: organism

46
Q

Opportunistic Fungal Infections

A

ppl who are abnormal: immunocompromised, antibiotic use, organ transplant

candidia albacians
Aspergillus (grain and immunosuprresed ppl)

NOT transmitted person to person, just from environment

47
Q

aspergilus as an opportunistic infection

A

asthmatic attacks
bronchitis
can invade issue and organs

48
Q

candida infection

A

due to change in normal flora

49
Q

vaginal candidias

A

yeast infection
lost of cases
diabetes, antibiotics, oral contraceptives, preganancy, are risk factors

50
Q

cutaneous candida

A

diaper rash

51
Q

interiginous candidiasis

A

moist, warm, soft areas of body that touch (esp in overweight ppl)

52
Q

thrush

A

oral infection, usually after antibiotic treatment
immunocompomsied ppl
grows in throat
opportunisitic in aids

53
Q

IDing Candida

A

germ tubes

KOH test

54
Q

Germ Tubes

A

candidia is dimoprhic (2 forms)

growth of germ tubes shows that you have candida

55
Q

Dimorphic candida

A

yeast form: 37C (body temp)

fungal form: 25C (room temp)

56
Q

KOH test

A

diagnose candida infection
10% potassiu hydroxide kills bacteria, not fungus
dissolves bacteria, not fungal, cell walls

57
Q

Systemic infections

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
coccidioides immitis: valley fever

both dimorphic

58
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A 
Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys
subclinical infection usually 
inhalation of airborne spores 
occasional serious and fatal outbreaks 
can cause fungal pneumonia and kill you 
Midwest... to dry in AZ
sero-conversion
59
Q

“subclinical”

A

shows no symptoms

60
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum outbreak in Indiana HS

A

due to changing of flower bed where birds pooped

aersolized the fungus (which grew in bird droppings)

61
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum as dimorphic

A

yeast form in body (37C)

spore form in soil (25C)

62
Q

coccidioides immitis

A

valley fever
mostly subclinical, but poor diet and fatigue can make it worse… resembles tuberculosis
symptoms: chest pain, fever, coughing, weight loss
sero-conversion rate in AZ of 30%/year

63
Q

sero-conversion 30%/year

A

live in Tucson 1 year, 30% of people make antibodies to inhaled and growing fungal spores
2 years, 60% of population sero-convert
95% chance of sero-conversion after 4 years

64
Q

dimorphic coccidioides immitis

A

spores inhaled are fungal

spores in lung are yeast like (see slide 32)

65
Q

coccidioides immitis lifecycle

A 
SLIDE 33!
athrosopres produced
earth distrubed
spores inhaled
live in lings 
if you get really sick, the spherule may break, spores released, you get pneumonia
66
Q

athrospores

A

aren’t really spores
broken bits of hypahe
spread only when you disturb the earth, aren’t usually airborne

67
Q

Theory of coccidioides immitis spread

A

cadaver model of spread

68
Q

cadaver model of spread

A

coccidioides immitis doesnt spread in air or normal human to human: spread from cadaver to human
humans migrate, people die, living inhale spores, spores live in lung, it happens again

as humans migrated from CA to AZ and south america, they carried occidioides immitis with them

and dogs carry it too

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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