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Micro Exam 3 > 3: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

3: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

ensure homeostasis!
cells off in any way? NK cells clean up prob by killing cell

initial response to viruses
dealing with most cancerous cell growths

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2
Q

How NK cells work

A

healthy cells have receptor that activate NK by saying “i’m self!”
Primary way of recognition of problem: Receptor counting
then kill

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3
Q

Receptor Counting

A 
NK counts things like MHC... 
# of MHCs changes with some viruses, or MHCs are modified by viruse
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4
Q

what can NK take caere of

A

most diseases/cancers unless things get waaaay out of control

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5
Q

Antibody Stimulation of NK Cells

A

antibodies sent to cell surface proteins
NK cells bind to clusters of antibodies on surface
granules released, apoptosis

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6
Q

cancer vaccines

A

molecs are on cancer cell surface only
antibodies to protein stimulated
NK come kill

this is very specific, so expensive and hard

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

NOT NECROSIS
not pro-inflmmatory

blobs form dead cells endocytosed and recycled
chop up DNA to destroy virus genome
programmed cell dealth

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8
Q

necrosis

A

pro-inflammatory cell death
recruit immune system
all cell dealth other than apoptosis is pro-inflammatory

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9
Q

B cells

A

adaptive immunity
One antigen for one B cell… true love. SPECIFICITY
has antibody on surface, with different shape so it can interact with just its antigen
antigen binding domain is pretty much randomly generated

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10
Q

How are B cells generated

A

RANDOMLY

in ABSENCE of the antigen (not made in response to it)

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11
Q

When the antigen binds to the B cell

A 
reproduction and maturation
eventual development into plasma cell 
all bind to same antigens
all have same binding site
all make same antibody
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12
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

secrete antibodies

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13
Q

two things activated B cells can produce

A

eventual plasma cells

memory B cells

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14
Q

Memory B cells

A

stick around for years

quicker response to an old stimulant

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15
Q

Memory B and vaccines

A

vaccines don’t last a lifetime, but do last for years
because a lot of things we vaccinate against we aren’t often in contact with, so B cell supply not kept up
antigens don’t interact with B cells since they arent around much

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16
Q

SO why is B cell adaptive?

A

the SECOND set of B cells (reproduction) is created because of antigen binding

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17
Q

Understand pic on slide 8

A

Understand pic on slide 8

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18
Q

Antigen Binding site (variation)

A

lots of variation due to
2 proteins, 2 copies of each protein (heavy and light)
these proteins can be made of a ton of variation in V, D, and J
10^14 possible antigen binding sites

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19
Q

Antigen Binding Site: Stem region (Fc)

A

Fc region is the same for the same immunoglobulin (all same stem for IgG for ex)
transmits info to immune system
INTERACTS WITH HOST CELL
attached to the heavy chain

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20
Q

Antigen Binding Site: VDJ region

A

where the antigen attaches
2, bind 2 antigens per binding apparatus
Each LINE of antibody has a different binding site

ability to cross-link and agglutinate

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21
Q

most general job of antibody

A

transmit info to immune cells about presence of non-innate antigen
transmit through Fc region
we can recognize about 10^14 molec patterns this way

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22
Q

innate receptors

A

recognize non self molecular patterns

we only recognize about 20 PAMPS this way

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23
Q

what is the difference between the 5 immunoglobulin classes

A

the FC region

so they can interact with dffernt cell types

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24
Q

IgG

A 
most common in blood
recognized by NK cells
enhances phagocytosis
neutralize toxins and viruses
protects fetus/newborn
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25
Q

IgM

A

agglutinates antigens

first antibodies produced in response to initial infection

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26
Q

IgA

A

mostly found in mucous
agglutination bc not many immune cells in mucous
has FOUR antigen binding sites
stopping colds
in secretions, a little in blood and lymph

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27
Q

IgD

A

blood and lymph
serum function unknown
On B cells for initiation of immune response

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28
Q

IgE

A

allergic reactions
lysis of worms
mast cells and basophils
least common immunoglobulin

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29
Q

STUDY SLIDE 10

A

STUDY SLIDE 10

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30
Q

B stem cells

A

in bone marrow of long bones
right cytokines to stem cells leads to B cell production
VDJ

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31
Q

how we make 10^14 different antigen binding sites

A

VDJ region… lots of ways to have V, D, and J
VDJ chromosome
9 loci on each V, D, and J
random rearrangement of VDJ region occurs during development

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32
Q

how we pick mates

A

can tell by smell if someone has different VDJs than us

which is good, then our offspring can have variation

33
Q

Negative Selection

A

in bone marrow test
see if B cell is stimulated by self
if so, KILL IT (we don’t want self to stimulate B cell response, that would kill us)

34
Q

Negative selection laymens terms

A

(B cell) killed if you recognize self

35
Q

autoimmunity

A

if something goes wrong with negative selection

36
Q

If B cell passes negative selection

A

go to lymph node and spleen

look for antigens here

37
Q

If B cell activated in lymph node/spleen

A

Go to periphery

38
Q

IgA in gut

A

bc lots of associated lymph cells

39
Q

Memory cells

A

stay in lymph nodes

40
Q

lymph nodes

A

central controlling region of body

41
Q

isotype switching

A 
chnage in class of immunoglobin being made
occurs in thymus with help from helper T cells
42
Q

what does isotype class of antibody do?

A

determines how antibody does its job

43
Q

What do be cells start with

A

IgM

transition to other classes later (mostly IgG)

44
Q

how is it determined what type of isoltype the B cell siwthces to?

A

by co-stimulatory facotrs like LPS and cytokines presented.

45
Q

Review slide 15

A

review slide 15

46
Q

baby immune system

A

baby born supplemented with mothers immune system

doesnt really have its own

47
Q

where do T cells develop

A

stem cells in long bone marrow (like B)

48
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

In thymus

49
Q

How antibodies protect from infection?

A 
Complement Pathway (classical pathway) 
antibody mediated 
can be done by IgGs
50
Q

Positive Selection

A

select for T cell receptor that CAN interact with MHC

can T cell recognize the MHC?

51
Q

tests for growing T cells

A

positive selection

Negative selection

52
Q

Negative selection

A

select for T cell receptors that DONT BIND TO SELF PEPTIDES
(kill those that do)
you only survive if you dont bind to self

53
Q

Neutralization

A

preventing something from occuring
of:
toxins: prevention of binding of toxin
bacteria: adhesion to host cell blocked. mostly in gut and mucus
viruses: neutrilze receptors of virus or something

54
Q

Toxins

A

Tetnus: 2 parts, A and B
B: binding toxin to human cell
A: kill human cell

55
Q

antibody mediated activation of Macrophages

A

aggregated immuonglubulins go to bacterial surface
cross linking of Fc receptors
macrophage activated
kill everything

56
Q

antibody mediated opsonization

A

makes it easy for marophage to endocytose

57
Q

antibody mediated recruitment of NK Cells

A

antibodies on surface cluster
degranulation happens
apoptosis

58
Q

Mast Cell Activation (degranulation)

A

antigen binding to antibodies… degran of mast cells

allergies

59
Q

do antibodies kill things?

A

NO! they recuit NK cells, MAC attack, or somethig else to kill

60
Q

what do antibodies DO? (broadly)

A

mark things and tell immune system to kill them

61
Q

VDJ in T cells

A

similar to B, but different VDJ

62
Q

how T cells recognize things

A

through presentation by MHC

63
Q

where things happen in T cells: Recombination

A

bone marrow (creating VDJ and whatever)

64
Q

where things happen in T cells: maturation

A

(to nieve)

THYMUS (positive and negative selection here)

65
Q

what is selection?

A

surviving

selection means surviving in a consequence of death

66
Q

primary functions of T cells

A 
kill (CD8)
or help (CD4)
67
Q

after maturation in thymus?

A

T cells go to body

68
Q

what recognizes floating antigens?

A

antibodies

69
Q

what do T cells recognize?

A

antigens ONLY when in the context of MHC

70
Q

what are MHCs

A

molecs present on surface of macrophages

B cells, processional APCs (antigen presenting cells) and cells infected with intracellular pathogen

71
Q

whats HLA

A

human version of MHC

we want differences in both in mates

72
Q

professional APCs

A

macrophages

B cells

73
Q

B cells make

A

antibodies

74
Q

macrophages…

A

control immune response

75
Q

antigen presentation is a

A

check on improper activation

macrophages check with T cells so they don’t improperly activate and kill everything

76
Q

MHC class one activate

A

CD8 T cells

77
Q

MHC class two activate

A

CD4 T cells

78
Q

CD8 T cells

A

kill cells

79
Q

CD4 T cells

A

activate something else to kill

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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