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Micro Exam 3 > 4: Fungus > Flashcards

4: Fungus Flashcards

1
Q

MHC 1

A

found in ALL cells (even professional APCs)

for pathogens that get into cytosol of cell

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2
Q

MHC 2

A

only B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages

professional antigen presenting cells

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3
Q

CD8 T cell recognition… Class one

A

antigen presention
peptide in binding pocket of MHC
MHC with peptide binds to T cell receptor binding pocket (random VDJ)

ONLY after bound to MHC, T cell generates something that recognizes the peptide

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4
Q

CD8 recognizes

A

peptides bound to MHC class 1

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5
Q

CD4 recognizes

A

peptides bound to MHC class 2

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6
Q

CD4 T Cells HELP. how it works

A

APCs bring in the pathogen, digest it, put on MHC2

MHC2 recruits CD4

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7
Q

what if the pathogen gets IN the cell?

A

CD4 and MHC 2 cant be used, use MHC1 for presentation

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8
Q

How MHC 1 works

A

pathogen gets into cytosol
MHC1 is in lumen of ER (so basically outside cell), so fusion will put MHC1 on surface
proteosome injgests pathogen and changes to peptide prep center when we have interferon. This lets proteosome load the MHC1

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9
Q

CD8 and NK

A

similar, both kill BUT
CD8 is adaptive
NK is innate

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10
Q

review slide 9

A

review slide 9

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11
Q

what happens after activation

A

APCs generate 3 signals

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12
Q

signal 1 after activation

A

T cell receptor and peptide/MHC dock
costim. from CD4 or 8
strong binding=recognition

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13
Q

signal 2 after activation

A

check for T cell to know that its a healthy antigen presenting cell

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14
Q

signal 3 after activation

A

proinflammatory cytokine released by APC
signal tells T cell what type of organism the antigen came from (based on what innate receptors were activated along they way)

so that future contact with that antigen will have a more specific response

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15
Q

classes of CD4 T cells

A 
Th1
Th2
Th17
Tfh
Treg
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16
Q

Th1

A

for bacteria

activate macrophges

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17
Q

Th2

A

for parasites and fungi

activate mast cells

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18
Q

Th17

A

in mucous membranes, bacteria

activate neutrophils

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19
Q

Tfh

A

B cell differentiation

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20
Q

Treg

A

responsible for NOT activating
ingestion of food, we ingest a foreign antigen this way
we recognize it neither as self or pathogen
tolerance
problems with this cause chrons disese… immune responses to food

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21
Q

Adaptive immunity can be

A

natural or artificial

each of these can be active or passive

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22
Q

Natural active immunity

A

antigens enter body
body makes antibodies
become immune

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23
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from other to fetus by placenta or to baby from milk
mother makes antibodies, not baby
no activity required

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24
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

antigens introduced by vaccine

body makes antibodies

25
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

pre-made antibodies injected into serum
antibodies from a different person that were made when they were sick
used for ebola treatment a bit

26
Q

Meiosis

A

production of haploid gammates for sexual reproduction

27
Q

sexual reproduction good because

A

it improves group genetics

28
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23, 2 copies of each
one copy from mom, one from dad
come together when sperm and egg combine (haploid)

29
Q

haploid cells

A

only ONE copy of each chromosome

23 chromosomes total, not 46

30
Q

How is it that grandparents about equally contributed to your genetics?

A

sexual recombination

31
Q

sexual recombination

A

chromosomes line up and recombine
cross-over between chromosomes generates new combo of genes
4 eggs made by meiosis, each has different combo of parental genes

32
Q

why sexual recombinatation

A

allows sexual species to store genetic info in multiple individuals
ability to solve problems and let the species survive

33
Q

why humans and chimps arent the same species

A

we have 23 chromosomes, they have 24

34
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

2 sexes evolved

35
Q

advantages of hermaphrodites (worms)

A

both individuals can become impregnated
any encounter can be productive… two males meeting would not be. But if sexes aren’t different, any 2 individuals meeting can produce offspring

36
Q

advantages of sexual dimorphism: colonies (bees and ants)

A

colonies are all females, males go away as drones

drones come to new colonies and bring new genetic material

37
Q

advantages of sexual dimorphism: angler fish

A

not enough food at bottom of ocean for a lot of big fish
so males are tiny and don’t “eat”, the feed off female blood. attach to female just to release sperm when she releases eggs.

male is a parasite

38
Q

sexual vs. asexual reproduction

A

review slide 24

39
Q

Fungal mating types

A

more than 2 sexes

40
Q

advantages of multiple sexes (fungi)

A

ability to determine closeness of genetic relationship

41
Q

pheromone-phermone receptor parings

A

how fungi tend to pick mates… mate if different phermones

as many sexes as there are alleles

42
Q

Shome fungi are HOMOTHALLIC

A

can mate with other or self

43
Q

heterothallic fungi

A

only mate with different cheomtype
(non-self mating)

want recombination with something not genetically similar

44
Q

Fungi are

A

eukaryotic
saprophytic
aerobic or sometimes facultative anaerobic
produce spores

45
Q

saprophytic

A

absorb food instead of eating or photosynthesizing

46
Q

fungi you can eat

A

alcohol, bread, some mushrooms

47
Q

cell wall of fungi

A

made of glucans, mannans, chitin

3 layers

48
Q

parts of fungi

A

nucleus, mitochondira, organelles

49
Q

fungal spores

A

not tough like bacterial

50
Q

single celled fungi

A

yeasts

bigger than bacteria

51
Q

mulitcellular fungi

A

molds, fleshy fungi

hyphae structure

52
Q

yeast division types

A

fission: divide down middle
budding: babies bud off the sides

53
Q

hyphae structure

A

primary structure. longs tubes filled with cytosol
cells not divide like in humans
some septated: units like cells with holes that let cytosol move between them
some just contnuous (coenocytic)

54
Q

hyphae and communication

A

secretions of organelles diffuse through cytosol that movement between “cells”

55
Q

Characteristics of molds

A

thallus (body, reproductive)
Septa: serpate hyphae, coenocytic hyphae (no septa between cells)
multinucleated
reproductive or vegitative hypahae

56
Q

Budding yeast

A 
asexual
asymetrical division. 
leaves scars
can only bud 24 times 
different ways budding can happen: diploid and haploid
57
Q

Feromones and Feromone receptors

A

allow to determine genetic relationships between haploid cells

58
Q

lifecycle:

A

2 HAPLOID groups find each other: PAIRING
produces its own pheromones, and has pheromone receptors for the other kind
move towards eachother and fuse to make DIPLOID
DIPLOID can undergo meiosis or mitosis

59
Q

review slide 34

A

review slide 34

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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