6. Memory Processes Flashcards
What is the levels of processing theory of memory and what are some main researchers
opposition to modal view of memory
- does not suggest that there are different memory stores
- retention and coding of information depends on how the material is perceived when it is being encoded (etc. shallow or deep)
craik and tulving
What is an alternative to the modal view of memory
Levels of processing theory
what is incidental learning
learning that happens to occur, not really intended
way of measuring memory retention in experimental setting
Order these in how deep the encoding is
physical
acoustic
semantic
semantic > acoustic > physical
what is elaboration in memory recall
“richness” of the idea that is recalled
part of the extension to craik and tulving’s levels of processing theory
what is Bartlett’s understanding of memory? based on Schemata
schemata: frameworks for organizing information
at retrieval time, we reconstruct material from this stored knowledge
LTM is not static
what is a schema vs schemata
Schemata: the framework + its organization
Schema: the unit of organized information to represent concepts in memory
What did Linton’s results (dating events that happened to her) suggest about memories in real life vs. in the lab
real-world memories are much more durable than most laboratory experiments
T/F Memory is better for actions than thoughts
T
Brewer: the beeping memory experiment
What are flashbulb memories
Very vivid memories of emotional events
likely to be wrong due to distorting from retelling (also probably the reason that they are formed)
What did Loftus’s work on Eyewitness Memory and Bransford+Frank’s work on sentence recognition (“ants eating sweet jelly”) show about the validity of memory
it bad
memory is malleable
we don’t store a copy of the presented sentence but rather an abstraction of its information
What regions in the brain are able to distinguish between true memories and implanted memories
bilateral hippocampal regions
Damage to which parts can result in amnesia?
hippocampal system
or
midline diencephalic region… something in the cerebellum
What are 5 primary features of anterograde amensia
- only affects LTM and not WM
- affects memory regardless of modality
- spares memory for general knowledge
- spares skilled performance
- hyperspecific memory for new skills: they can only express the learning in extremely similar conditions to the encoding
What are features of retrograde amnesia
- temporal extent (timespan of memory lost) varies greatly
- episodic memories are lost
- spares information that was “overlearned”
- does not affect skill learning
explain current memory consolidation theory : multiple memory trace
older episodic memories that are reactivated seem to be integrated with semantic memory stores
thus why older memories are often spared in amnesiac patients
What is the hierarchical semantic network model and what principle does it use
organization of semantic memory hierarchically
principle of cognitive economy
What is the principle of cognitive economy
we organize semantic facts so that there is the least amount of cognitive load
etc. storing representation of mammal once, and human, tiger, dog underneath it
What is a semantic network
collection of nodes associated with all the words and concepts one knows (semantic memory organization)
what are lexical decision tasks in testing semantic memory and what did they see
participants are presented a series of strings and asked to decide if they are real words as quickly as possible
placing semantically related words next to each other improved performance -> interpreted as spreading activation
What is spreading activation
idea that excitation spreads along connections of nodes in an semantic network
How do connectionist networks learn
backpropagation
What is implicit vs explicit memory
implicit memories are those that are not deliberate but show signs of learning
explicit memory are those that can be consciously recalled
what is semantic vs repetition priming
semantic priming:
exposure to one word facilitates the recognition of a semantically related word (etc. doctor, nurse)
repetition priming:
information is better processed after a recent exposure to the same information
(etc. word completion task)
What is a word stem completion task
Shows the effects of repetition priming
After a brief (30ms) exposure to a word, participant is asked to fill in the blanks
- etc “button” -> “U_TO”
What kind of words are more affected by priming
real words (not fake)
words that share the same semantic roots (vs. visual or auditory)
What is Koraskaoff’s Syndrome
Patients with amnesiac symptoms that display implicit memories but do not recall explicit ones
retrograde
etc. nervous at the shock, but does not remember receiving it
What are 2 possible explanations to the double disassociation with regards to amnesiac/normal participants in performing implicit/explicit memory tasks
Results:
Amnesiac patients did badly for explicit tasks but were good with implicit ones
Explanations:
1. Two memory systems: declarative and procedure
2. Two kinds of memory require different cognitive procedures, even though they tap into a common memory system
- perceptual processing (implicit) vs conceptual processing (explicit)
What is the process dissociation framework
Memory tasks are calling on two different processes: intentional and automatic
- an implicit memory test is not a “pure” measure of any memory system
What is the false fame experiment
Shows that an automatic memory process would facilitate or hinder performance on an intentional memory task
group 1: studied list of non-famous names with full attention
group 2: divided attention on list of non-famous names
when distinguishing famous people, group 1 performed better while group 2 performed worse (intentional memory impacted)
What is maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal
maintenance: simply memorizing
elaborative: encodes meaning of something
levels of processing theory
What did Loftus and Palmer find in regards to eyewitness testimony (experiment)
used different words (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted) and witness accounts of cars speed changed (misremember)
What are two cases of anterograde amnesia
Henry M.
Clive Wearing
What are two diseases with retrograde amnesia
Alzheimers
korsakoff’s syndrome
