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Psych207 > 6. Memory Processes > Flashcards

6. Memory Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the levels of processing theory of memory and what are some main researchers

A

opposition to modal view of memory
- does not suggest that there are different memory stores
- retention and coding of information depends on how the material is perceived when it is being encoded (etc. shallow or deep)

craik and tulving

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2
Q

What is an alternative to the modal view of memory

A

Levels of processing theory

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3
Q

what is incidental learning

A

learning that happens to occur, not really intended

way of measuring memory retention in experimental setting

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4
Q

Order these in how deep the encoding is
physical
acoustic
semantic

A

semantic > acoustic > physical

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5
Q

what is elaboration in memory recall

A

“richness” of the idea that is recalled

part of the extension to craik and tulving’s levels of processing theory

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6
Q

what is Bartlett’s understanding of memory? based on Schemata

A

schemata: frameworks for organizing information

at retrieval time, we reconstruct material from this stored knowledge

LTM is not static

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7
Q

what is a schema vs schemata

A

Schemata: the framework + its organization
Schema: the unit of organized information to represent concepts in memory

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8
Q

What did Linton’s results (dating events that happened to her) suggest about memories in real life vs. in the lab

A

real-world memories are much more durable than most laboratory experiments

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9
Q

T/F Memory is better for actions than thoughts

A

T

Brewer: the beeping memory experiment

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10
Q

What are flashbulb memories

A

Very vivid memories of emotional events

likely to be wrong due to distorting from retelling (also probably the reason that they are formed)

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11
Q

What did Loftus’s work on Eyewitness Memory and Bransford+Frank’s work on sentence recognition (“ants eating sweet jelly”) show about the validity of memory

A

it bad

memory is malleable

we don’t store a copy of the presented sentence but rather an abstraction of its information

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12
Q

What regions in the brain are able to distinguish between true memories and implanted memories

A

bilateral hippocampal regions

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13
Q

Damage to which parts can result in amnesia?

A

hippocampal system
or
midline diencephalic region… something in the cerebellum

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14
Q

What are 5 primary features of anterograde amensia

A
  1. only affects LTM and not WM
  2. affects memory regardless of modality
  3. spares memory for general knowledge
  4. spares skilled performance
  5. hyperspecific memory for new skills: they can only express the learning in extremely similar conditions to the encoding
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15
Q

What are features of retrograde amnesia

A
  1. temporal extent (timespan of memory lost) varies greatly
  2. episodic memories are lost
  3. spares information that was “overlearned”
  4. does not affect skill learning
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16
Q

explain current memory consolidation theory : multiple memory trace

A

older episodic memories that are reactivated seem to be integrated with semantic memory stores

thus why older memories are often spared in amnesiac patients

17
Q

What is the hierarchical semantic network model and what principle does it use

A

organization of semantic memory hierarchically

principle of cognitive economy

18
Q

What is the principle of cognitive economy

A

we organize semantic facts so that there is the least amount of cognitive load

etc. storing representation of mammal once, and human, tiger, dog underneath it

19
Q

What is a semantic network

A

collection of nodes associated with all the words and concepts one knows (semantic memory organization)

20
Q

what are lexical decision tasks in testing semantic memory and what did they see

A

participants are presented a series of strings and asked to decide if they are real words as quickly as possible

placing semantically related words next to each other improved performance -> interpreted as spreading activation

21
Q

What is spreading activation

A

idea that excitation spreads along connections of nodes in an semantic network

22
Q

How do connectionist networks learn

A

backpropagation

23
Q

What is implicit vs explicit memory

A

implicit memories are those that are not deliberate but show signs of learning

explicit memory are those that can be consciously recalled

24
Q

what is semantic vs repetition priming

A

semantic priming:
exposure to one word facilitates the recognition of a semantically related word (etc. doctor, nurse)

repetition priming:
information is better processed after a recent exposure to the same information
(etc. word completion task)

25
Q

What is a word stem completion task

A

Shows the effects of repetition priming

After a brief (30ms) exposure to a word, participant is asked to fill in the blanks
- etc “button” -> “U_TO”

26
Q

What kind of words are more affected by priming

A

real words (not fake)
words that share the same semantic roots (vs. visual or auditory)

27
Q

What is Koraskaoff’s Syndrome

A

Patients with amnesiac symptoms that display implicit memories but do not recall explicit ones

retrograde

etc. nervous at the shock, but does not remember receiving it

28
Q

What are 2 possible explanations to the double disassociation with regards to amnesiac/normal participants in performing implicit/explicit memory tasks

A

Results:
Amnesiac patients did badly for explicit tasks but were good with implicit ones

Explanations:
1. Two memory systems: declarative and procedure
2. Two kinds of memory require different cognitive procedures, even though they tap into a common memory system
- perceptual processing (implicit) vs conceptual processing (explicit)

29
Q

What is the process dissociation framework

A

Memory tasks are calling on two different processes: intentional and automatic
- an implicit memory test is not a “pure” measure of any memory system

30
Q

What is the false fame experiment

A

Shows that an automatic memory process would facilitate or hinder performance on an intentional memory task

group 1: studied list of non-famous names with full attention
group 2: divided attention on list of non-famous names

when distinguishing famous people, group 1 performed better while group 2 performed worse (intentional memory impacted)

31
Q

What is maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal

A

maintenance: simply memorizing
elaborative: encodes meaning of something

levels of processing theory

32
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer find in regards to eyewitness testimony (experiment)

A

used different words (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted) and witness accounts of cars speed changed (misremember)

33
Q

What are two cases of anterograde amnesia

A

Henry M.
Clive Wearing

34
Q

What are two diseases with retrograde amnesia

A

Alzheimers
korsakoff’s syndrome

Psych207 (12 decks)

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