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Psych207 > 5. Memory Structures > Flashcards

5. Memory Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What type of memory has the briefest storage

A

Sensory memory

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2
Q

What are the two sub-types of long-term memory

A

Semantic and episodic

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3
Q

What assumptions do modal models of memory make

A

Assumes that information is received, processed, and stored differently for each kind of memory

modular

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a modal memory model

A

Sensory memory
STM
LTM

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5
Q

What is the partial report technique

A

For testing sensory memory, subset of the total material is tested

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6
Q

How many items did Sperling show that the sensory memory could hold

A

about 9

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7
Q

What experiment is used to investigate sensory memory

A

Sperling’s partial report test
- show 9 letters + play a pitch to indicate which row to report

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8
Q

What is an icon in memory

A

brief visual memory stored by the sensory memory
- not auditory

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9
Q

What is masking?

A

the fact that you can “erase” icons by presenting a display immediately after an icon

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10
Q

what are differences in iconic vs echoic memory

A

sensory memory
visual vs auditory

iconic capacities appear larger, but auditory can store for longer

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11
Q

How long does iconic memory last

A

1 second
after that the partial report advantage is irrelevant

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12
Q

How long does echoic memory last

A

up to 20 seconds

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13
Q

What is the suffix effect

A

similar to masking in iconic memory, the recall of the last few items on a list is hindered

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14
Q

What are 3 properties of sensory memory

A
  1. modality specific (visual, auditory, etc. are split)
  2. more capacities for visual sensory memory but longer storage time for auditory sensory memory
  3. Relatively unprocessed
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15
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

position of a word in a list effects how well you are able to remember it

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16
Q

What is the recency effect

A

words at the end of the list are more likely to be remembered

likely due to STM and sensory memory

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17
Q

What is the primacy effect

A

words at the beginning of the list are more likely to be remembered

likely due to rehearsal

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18
Q

what is rehearsal

A

repetition of items to remember it

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19
Q

What is the size of the STM and how can it be improved

A

7 chunks
by chunking

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20
Q

What does the term coding refer to in memory

A

the way in which information is mentally represented

21
Q

Are we more likely to code auditory or visual characteristics of a letter in STM

Conrad

A

auditory

but technically STM has both encodings

22
Q

What is the retention duration of STM found by Brown-Peterson

A

20 seconds

They were given a trigram + number and asked to count backwards by 3.
most ppl forgot the trigram

23
Q

What is a memory trace

A

mental representation of to-be remembered information that is not rehearsed

24
Q

what is trace decay vs interference explanations for STM

A

decay: information fades from STM
interference: new information displaces old information in STM

25
Q

what is proactive interference and how did Keppel and Underwood show this

A

material learned first can disrupt attention of subsequently learned material

Keppel and Underwood showed that recalling a 3 letter trigram from one trial hurts another trial

26
Q

what is release from proactive interference and how did Wickens and his colleagues test this

A

proactive interference occurs when the new information is similar to the old one

Wickens recreated the trigram test but used letter trials -> number trials and found that after switching, participants did better

27
Q

Sternberg’s experiment argues that STM takes the form of a _____, _______ search

A

serial, exhaustive

Experiment:
- participant memorized a set a letters, and then presented with a probe. they needed to decode as quick as possible if the probe was a part of the set

Possible reasoning for why so inefficient
- maybe search has a lot of moment so its hard to stop once it starts

28
Q

What is the memory capacity of LTM and who tried to provide a quantitative answer

A

Thomas Landauer: ~ 1 billion

unlimited

29
Q

What kind of similarity affects the coding in LTM

A

semantic similarity

30
Q

What is the retention duration of LTM as found by Bahrick

A

up to 20 years

measured spanish retention
first 3-6 years: declines
next 3 decades: stays the same
30-35 years: final decline

31
Q

What shape does the forgetting curve take, as found by Ebbinghaus

A

rapid at first, then levels off

Experiment:
Ebbinghuas himself memorized a bunch of nonsense syllable lists

32
Q

What is paired associates learning and what is it used to test

A

it is used to test interference

participants hear lists of words in pairs
afterwards, they are given the first word and asked to recall the second one

33
Q

What technique is often used in studies of interference

A

paired associates learning

34
Q

What is proactive vs retroactive interference

A

Proactive: the things you learn first (pro) interfere with your retention of something new

Retroactive: the things you learn after (retro) interfere with what you had learned before

35
Q

What explanations did Anderson and Neely come up with to explain interference

A
  • competition among multiple targets of a single retrieval cue
36
Q

What is the fan effect by John Anderson

A

Studying more about a particular concept causes you to take more time to recall any single fact about it

37
Q

Why might forgetting be important

A

When we do “directed” forgetting, we experience much less proactive interference

38
Q

What are mnemonics

A

Techniques to improve memory

39
Q

What are 2 principles of retrieval that can be used to aid recall

A

Categorization
Encoding Specificity

40
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle and two effects that it makes use of

A

Memory is improved when information available at the time of encoding is also available at the time of retrieval

context effect
state-dependent learning

41
Q

T/F
State dependent memory effect + context effect is found with recall and recognition tasks

A

F

Only with recall

42
Q

What part of Baddeley and Hitch’s study implied the existence of Working Memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model says that STM is just storage and stores about 6-7 items

Experiment had participants hold 6 digits in memory and reason with them logically. This exceeds previous assumptions for memory storage limit. Hence WM

43
Q

What are the parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory model

A

central executive
- visuospatial sketchpad
- episodic buffer (linker)
- phonological loop (rehearsal loop and phonological buffer)

44
Q

What are differences in semantic vs episodic memory according to Tulving

A

episodic: specific events that you participated in
- organized temporally

semantic: general knowledge base
- organized based on meaning + relationships

45
Q

T/F semantic and episodic memory may operate independently

A

T

Schacter: mirror cases of people who lost semantic and episodic memory

….but there is opposition to this distinction

46
Q

What is anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

A

Anterograde: amnesia for new events
Retrograde: amnesia for old events

47
Q

What is long term protentiation

A

Neural circuits in the hippocampus that are subjected to repeated electrical stimulus develop hippocampal cells that are more sensitive to the stimuli

In lieu of memory formation

48
Q

Where did Gene receive brain damage an to lose episodic memory?

A

Frontal lobes (hippocampus) + temporal lobe

49
Q

Where is one place where you might injure and see impairment in semantic memory?

A

temporal lobes

Psych207 (12 decks)

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