11. Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

What does the rationality of a decision describe

A

how well you select ways of thinking/actions that best serves your goals in the limitations of an environment

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2
Q

What is cognitive overload

A

When the information available overwhelms the cognitive processing available

leads to less optimal decisions

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3
Q

According to Galotti, what are the five types of tasks involved with decision making

A
  1. set or revise goals
  2. make plans
  3. gather information
  4. structure the final decision
  5. make a final selection
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4
Q

What is decision structuring

A

the way of organizing information so that we are able to make a decision

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5
Q

what are subjective probabilities vs objective probabilities

A

subjective probabilities: influenced by the characteristics of the probability estimator (etc. your success depending on mood)

objective probabilities: not infuenced

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6
Q

what is a bias

A

a way of thinking that leads to systematic errors

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7
Q

what are cognitive illusions

A

systematic biases for thinking

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8
Q

What is the availability heuristic

A

Deeming that the things that comes to mind more easily are more frequent

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9
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic

A

The expectation that the results will be representative of the process that generated them

etc. coin flips

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10
Q

What is the mistaken belief in the law of small numbers

A

People mistakenly believe that small samples will resemble the populations from which they are drawn

etc. coin flips, people

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11
Q

A “Man who” arguments are a misuse of which heuristic
“I know a man who….”

A

representativeness heuristic

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12
Q

What are framing effects?

A

When we evaluate changes from a reference point

  • problem: changing the description of a situation can make us adopt different reference points

think $$ of a sale

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13
Q

What is Anchoring?

A

When the initial starting point has a huge effect on the final estimate

etc. calculating 1x2x3… 8 vs 8x7x….1

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14
Q

What is Illusory correlation?

A

When we see nonexistant relationships

etc. hair twisting, finding personality vs. handwriting

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15
Q

What is the Hindsight Bias

A

Looking back, events seem inevitable

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16
Q

What kind of curve plots confidence against accuracy

A

a calibration curve

17
Q

What does it mean for the calibration curve to deviate below the 45deg line

A

overconfidence

18
Q

Explain normative vs prescriptive vs descriptive models of decision making

A

normative: ideal performance in ideal circumstances

prescriptive: what we “ought” to behave, given that circumstances are not ideal
- prescribe

descriptive model: what do people actually do

19
Q

What kind of model is expected utility theory

20
Q

What is expected utility theory

A

maximizing the expected utility

21
Q

What kind of model is image theory

A

descriptive model

22
Q

What is the image theory model

A

we narrow all of our decision to a few, by comparing the
1. value image: our values and morals
2. trajectory image: our goals for the future
3. strategic image: how we want to attain the goal

23
Q

What kind of decisions do experts make

A

recognition-primed decision making

24
Q

What is recognition primed decision making

A

comparing the situation to previous experiences

25
what is neuroeconomics
study of how the brain interacts with the environment to make complex decisions + the role of emotions in this process
26
T/F Decision making can be highly emotional
T Phineas Gage; impaired both decision making and emotional control
27
What active brain regions positively predicted purchasing regions
PFC
28
What active brain region negatively predicted purchasing decisions
insula - insulate
29
What are humans good at when it comes to decision making and what are they bad at?
they are good at figuring out which variables are good predictors they are bad at integrating information to a decision