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Sports Science > 6 - Measurement and evaluation on performance > Flashcards

6 - Measurement and evaluation on performance Flashcards

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1
Q

Error bar

A

An error bar is a bar on the graph showing an error it is as simple as that.

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2
Q

Standard deviation

A

is used to summarize the spread of values around a mean.

68% of all values lies within 1 standard deviation of the mean. This rises to about 95% for 2 standard deviations.

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3
Q

What a low and highs standard deviation mean

A

A Low standard deviation indicates that the data is clustered closely around the mean value. 

Conversely, a high standard deviation indicates a wider spread around the mean

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4
Q

What % of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean.

A

68%

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5
Q

What % of all values lie within the 2 standard deviations

A

95%

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6
Q

Outline the meaning of coefficient of variation

A

Coefficient of variation is the ratio of standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage.

The HIGHER the coefficient of variation = the greater level of dispersion around the mean.

The LOWER the value of the coefficient of variation = the more precise the estimate, less dispersal

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7
Q

What is a t test

A

It’s used to determine is there is a significance difference between the means of two groups

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8
Q

Outline he importance of specificity, accuracy, reliability and validity with regard to fitness testing

A

Specificity - The investigation must assess an individuals fitness for the activity or sport in questions

Accuracy - the equipment used must be as accurate as possible

Reliability - a test is reliable when you undertake a retest under the same conditions as the original and a similar result is obtained

Validity - the extent of which the method of the investigation actually measures what is claims to measure

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9
Q

Discuss the importance of study design in the context of sports, exercise and health science

A

Control group - a group of people who are out into a group together that doesn’t get any special treatment

Randomized group - samples are selected randomly to eliminate bias

Blind - participants do not know if they are in a control group in the experiment to avoid bias, avoids psychological effect

Double blind - both participants and experimenters do not know the control group and the experimental group

Placebo - occurs when a group is given a dose of a stimulant whereas the other group is lead to believe they did too when they didn’t

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10
Q

PAR-Q

Advantages and Disadvantages

A

PAR-Q - Physical Activity Readiness Test - asses the readiness of an individual to partake in general training programs

Advantages:

  • asses yourself
  • determines weakness
  • simple
  • uncover potential health risks

Disadvantages:
- depends on clients knowledge and honesty

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11
Q

Maximal test

Advantages and disadvantages

A

Working at 85% of max heart rate

Advantages:

  • identifies lactic acidosis threshold
  • a lot more accurate reflecting on a persons max aerobic capacity
  • pace is already set

Disadvantages:

  • requires considerable time to test performance
  • not ideal when many athletes require testing as once
  • more motivation is required
  • requires a reasonable level of fitness before the test
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12
Q

Sub-maximal test

Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Not working at your max

Advantages:

  • less time consuming
  • safer, less risk to performer
  • you can use a wider range of population (kids / elderly)
  • less motivation needed
  • allows an estimation of a persons VO2 max

Disadvantages:

  • hard to set level of intensity
  • only an estimation of VO2 max but an actual representation
  • less accurate
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13
Q

Field test

Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Test that can be done without expensive equipment

Advantages:

  • more ecological validity ( more specific to sport)
  • inexpensive
  • you can test a lot of subjects
  • you don’t need to be trained

Disadvantages:

  • needs a large sample size
  • hard to replicate
  • difficult to record data accurately
  • lack of control brings problems of extraneous variables
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14
Q

Lab testing

Advantages and disadvantages

A
  • experiments done in a lab

Advantages:

  • controlled environment, more reliable and accurate
  • easy to replicate
  • lab experiment means it is more accurate and specialized

Disadvantages:

  • expensive
  • time consuming, only measures a certain amount of time
  • higher level of technical support
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15
Q

Health related fitness

A

Consists of the components of fitness that have a relationship to good health components which are vital to ensure that an individual can meet the physical and psychological demands of an activity without excessive fatigue.

  1. Body composition
  2. Cardio respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity)
  3. Flexibility
  4. Muscular endurance
  5. Strength
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16
Q

Skill related fitness

A
  1. Agility
  2. Balance
  3. Coordination
  4. Power
  5. Reaction time
  6. Speed
17
Q

aerobic capacity test

A

1) multistage fitness test (bleep test
2) Coopers 12 minute run

  • find a place to run and measure the distance of it to measure how far the individual has run
  • individuals will run for walk for 12 minutes
  • once 12 minutes is over is distance is worked out

3) Harvard step test

  • 10 minute warm up
  • with the command go, the stop watch starts
  • step up and down every two seconds
  • continue to step up and down for 2 minutes
  • repeat this 3 times and measure ur pulse each time
    Find aerobic capacity by using the formula 3000 / (pulse 1 + pulse 2 + pulse 3)
18
Q

Flexibility test

A
  1. Sit and reach
  • 10 minute warm up
  • assistant secures the ruler to the top of the box, with zero towards the athlete
  • athlete sits on the floor with legs straight, full extended and the sole of their feet against the box
  • athlete places hands on top of ruler
  • they hold the maximum reach for two seconds
  • assistant records distance
  • test is repeated
19
Q

Muscle endurance test

A
  1. Maximum sit ups
  • 10 minute warm up
  • performer lies back on a mat, sola of their feet flat on the floor and hand on ears through the test
  • assistant hold athletes feet and says go
  • athletes touches knees w elbows and repeats
  • do as many in 30 seconds as possible
  1. Maximum push ups
  • 10 minute warm up
  • athlete lies on ground with hand under their shoulders in push up position
  • lowers body until the elbow reaches 90 and then extends the arm in the start position
  • athlete continue press up position with no rest until they are unable to continue
  1. Flexed arm hang
  • 10 minute warm up
  • move to flexed arm hand position with their palms facing them
  • athletes should raise their chins above the bar
  • assistant starts the stop watch
  • athlete holds position for as long as possible
  • when the chin drops below the bar the timer stops
20
Q

Agility test

A
  1. Illinois agility test
  • course is set up
  • participants start lying down on their front
  • on command jump to their feet and do the course
  • assistant records time taken
21
Q

Strength test

A
  1. Hand grip dynamometer
22
Q

Speed test

A
  1. 40 meter sprint
  • 10 minute warm up
  • 40 meters is marked
  • line up behind a line
  • “go” is the command and stopwatch starts
  • athletes sprints and the watch is stopped after 40
    Meters
23
Q

Body composition

A
  1. Body mass index
    - divide weight by your height then divide the answer by your height again
  2. Anthropometry
    - catches excess skin fat at certain point a
  3. Underwater weighing
24
Q

Balance test

A
  1. Stork stand
  • 10 minute warm up
  • athlete removes their shoes
  • stand straight with their feet flat and hands on hips
  • athlete lifts their non supporting food and place its sole on the side of there knee
  • athlete must lift their heel off the floor
  • once foot is lifted the timer starts
25
Q

Coordination test

A
  1. Hand ball toss
  • athlete stand 2 meters from a wall
  • someone says go and start stopwatch
  • you throw the ball and catch it with the other hand and vice versa
  • person goes for 30 seconds and counts their catches
26
Q

Reaction time test

A
  1. Drop test
  • participant places their thumb and index finger on 0 while the assistant hold the rule straight from the top
  • person let’s the ruler go and the individual catches it
  • the number reflects their reaction time
  • repeat this three times and calculate a mean
  1. Computer simulation
27
Q

Power test

A
  1. Vertical jump
  • 10 minute warm up
  • athlete chalks the end of their fingertips
  • athlete stands side into the wall with their arm straight out above them
  • their starting position is marked and then they jump touching the wall
    The distance is measured
  • test is repeated 3 times
  • calculate average across jumps
  1. Standing broad jump
28
Q

Describe the elements of a training program

A
  1. Warm up and stretches - prepares body for exercise and prevents injury
  2. Endurance training - works the body aerobically
  3. Cool down and stretches - allows for EPOC to happen easily
  4. Flexibility training - improves range of motion
  5. Resistance training - develops strength, and explosive power
  6. Recreational activities - things people do for enjoyment
29
Q

Name the types of stretching

A
  1. Static stretching - where the limb slightly moved beyond the terminal position slowly then is maintained in that position
  2. Dynamic stretching - involves movement based activities with a comfortable range of motion
  3. Ballistic stretching - involves bouncing movements to achieve terminal range of motion (not recommended)
  4. PNF - involves a combination of sequences using relaxing and contraction of the muscles being stretched
30
Q

Discuss the key principles of training program design

A
  1. Specificity - training specific to the goal you want to achieve
  2. Progression - gradually increase the workload
  3. Overload - when you don’t get enough rest
  4. Reversibility- don’t train as often as you used to
  5. Periodization - planned manipulation of training variables ( loads, sets, repetitions)
31
Q

Ways intensity can be monitored

A
  1. Heart rate monitors or manual ways of measuring heart rate
  2. Heart rate based on VO2 max
  3. Heart rate zone training
  4. Rating of perceived exertion scaled
  • Borg scales ( rating from 1 to 10) straight
  • OMNI ( rating from 1 to 10) slanted
  • CERT scale ( similar to Borg but for kids)
  1. The karvonen method
32
Q

The karvonen method

A
  1. 220 - age = maximum heart rate
  2. Maximum heart rate - resting heart rate = heart rate reserve
  3. Heart rate reserve x training intensity + resting heart rate

Sports Science (13 decks)

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