3 - Energy Systems Flashcards
List the Macronutrients
List the Micronutrients
Macronutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fat (lipids)
- Water
Micronutrients
- Minerals
- Vitamins
Functions of Carbohydrate
Functions of Fuel for your body Energy storage (short term)
Functions of Fat
Fuel storage
Hormones
Cell storage
Functions of Protein
Structure
Storage
Enzymes
Muscle building blocks
Functions of Water
Excretion
Lubrication
Transport
Medium for reactions
Functions of Minerals
Mineralization of bones and teeth
Blood oxygen transport
Defense against free radicals
Acid base balance
Functions of Vitamins
Energy release from macronutrients
Immune function
Eyesight
Chemical composition of the glucose molecule
1:2:1
or
C6H1206
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule
hexagon (6 sides) with each corner being a “c” apart from one which is an “o” then lines come off the corner go to H and HO
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of glucose is made from one molecule and is easily absorbed.
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides form Disaccharides with the loss of one molecule of water.
Examples: glucose, fructose and galactose
Polysaccharides
These are molecule chains longer than 10 molecules
Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
When a Monosaccharide links together with a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharides by the removal of a water molecule.
Triglycerides
and where they’re found
Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the blood. Our bodies convert any calories we don’t need right away into Triglycerides. Triglycerides are stored in fat cells.
Found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
Composition of a Triglycerol
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated fats
Maximal number of hydrogen atoms on each carbon atom. Only contain single bonds between carbon atoms.
- no double bonds
- come from animal sources
- solid at room temperature
Examples:
- chicken
- pork
- tropical oils
Unsaturated fats:
Two hydrogen ions are missing, form double bonds between two carbon atoms.
- double bonds between atoms
- Liquid at room temperature
- Come from plant based foods
Examples:
- Cashew
- Nuts
- Avocado
- Sunflower oil
State the chemical composition of a protein molecule
Carbon :1
Hydrogen :1
Oxygen :1
Nitrogen:1
Essential amino acid:
CANNOT be made by the body, they must come from food.
Non-essential amino acid:
are produced by the body
Current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet
- Fruit and vegetables take up about 1/3 of the food you eat a day
- Starchy foods make up about 1/3 of the food.
State the approximate energy content per 100g for certain foods
Carbohydrates – 1760 kj per 100g
Proteins – 1,720 kj per 100g
Fats – 4,000 kj per 100g
Discuss the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non athletes
Athletes require more energy than normal individuals as they require more energy, climates can also effect calorie intake.
A person may need 1,000kj more up to 7,000kj (dancing) more (long distance cycle races, endurance tasks).
For prolonged aerobic exercise they rely on energy from carbohydrates thus their intake must be increase to replenish glycogen systems, reduce rapid fatigue but not too high so the fat intake is reduced as this is the substitute when glycogen runs out.
The use of body protein in exercise is small but it is needed for recovery from aerobic prolonged exercise.
Metabolism
All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions.
Anabolism
Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built into larger ones
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones with the net release of energy
Glycogen
and storage sites
Glycogen is stored glucose. Glucose is converted to glycogen when there is too much of it.
Where is glycogen stored:
- Liver
- Muscles
Triglyceride storage
- Adipose tissue
- Skeletal muscles
Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat
- After you eat there is an increase in glucose in the blood due to food breaking down
- Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to increasing glucose blood levels to lower the elevated levels
- Insulin accelerates the diffusion of glucose into the cells
- Excess glucose is converted to glycogen, removed from the bloodstream and is stored in liver and muscles
- Insulin stops the body breaking don fat and using it for energy which inhibits lipolysis and glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose and its release into the blood stream
Lipolysis
The breakdown of stored lipids
Glucagon
A hormone that is complementary to insulin and is also produced by the pancreas. When glucose levels fall it stimulates glycogenolysis to bring them back up.
Adrenaline
A hormone release by the adrenal glands that has various effects on the body
Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise
During exercise the more muscle contraction involved the more glucose the body needs as it provides the body with energy for the contraction. The body contains glycogen stored in muscles for this purpose.
During exercise insulin levels fall as glucagon and adrenaline rise.
- Less glucose is absorbed
- Glycogenolysis occurs to increase glucose levels
Annotate a diagram of ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Nucleus
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondrion
- Lysosomes
Annotate a diagram of an ultra structure of a mitochondrion
- Cristae
- Inner Matrix
- Outer smooth membrane
ATP
A chemical compound which provides energy for muscle contraction
Cell respiration
The controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from compounds in the cell
Comparison on anaerobic and aerobic respiration
anaerobic:
- Requires the presence of oxygen
- 38 ATP molecules are metabolized
- More energy for use by the cell
Anaerobic respiration:
- no oxygen required
- 2 ATP molecules
- Less energy for use of the cell
Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule
ATP is made up of one molecule of adenosine and three molecules of phosphate.
Energy is released from ATP by breaking the bonds that hold the molecules together.
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction
Limit to breakdown of ATP to ADP releasing a phosphate molecules, which provides energy energy for muscle contraction
The ATP-PC System (Energy system)
1) Phosphocreatine is a substances found in muscles
2) PC will split into one molecule of phosphate and one of creatine
3) Energy is also produced; this is used to rebuild the ATP.
4) 1 ATP
The Lactic Acid system (energy system)
Duration: 1-2 minutes at maximal intensity
NO oxygen present
1) Glycogen is broken down into glucose (glycogenolysis) 2 ATP are resynthesized
2) Pyruvic acid is produced
3) As there is no oxygen present so it converts to lactic acid
4) Lactic acid causes pain, fatigue, soreness and inhibits enzymes
Oxygen deficit
The difference between the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise and the amount that would have been consumed if aerobic respiration occurred immediately
Oxygen debt
Also known as (EPOC) excess post oxygen consumption, it represents the amount of oxygen consumed in recovery after exercise that is above resting level.
The Aerobic system (Energy system)
The system breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to CO2 and water
1) Glucose, fat and protein are broken down (glycolysis) two ATP are resynthesized
2) Pyruvate acid is produced
3) Pyruvate acid enters the Krebs cycle located within the mitochondria
4) CO2 and H2O are produced Resynthesizes another 2 ATP
5) Hydrogen ions are also produced
6) Hydrogen ions enter the electron transport chain in the mitochondria
7) A lot of energy is produced enough to resynthesize 34 ATP = in total that making it 38 atp
Evaluate the relative contribution of the three energy systems during different types of exercise
Although all threeenergy systems are always working at the same time, one of them will be the predominantenergy provider. The intensity and duration of the activity are the factors that decide whichwill be the main energy system in use.
ATP-PC
Lactic acid
Aerobic
