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Sports Science > 4 - Movement analysis > Flashcards

4 - Movement analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Label a diagram of a motor unit

A
  • dendrite
  • cell body
  • nucleus
  • axon
  • motor end plate
  • synapse
  • muscle
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2
Q

Dendrites

A

link the neuron to other neurons and allow information o flow between different nerves.

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3
Q

Axon

A

is the main component of nerve signal transmissions. It is similar to the electrical wire and is made of myelin

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4
Q

Myelin

A

A protein that makes sure the electrical signal is insulated from from surrounding tissues. The myelin has holes in it called Nodes of Ranvier which help aid the transmission of information.

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5
Q

Synapse

A

transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells

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6
Q

Explain the role of neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction

A

Neurotransmitters are chemicals which are released at the end of a nerve fiber by a nerve impulse. They are used for communication between a neuron and the synapse and another cell.

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter for the motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.

Cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid which is necessary for the neuron to return to its resting state.

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7
Q

Explain the difference in fast and slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Slow twitch

Type 1 – Slow twitch

They are associated with endurance sports as they produce ATP more slowly and reley on aerobic respiration

  • Take longer to contract
  • Give long sustained muscle contractions
  • Not as powerful
  • Have more mitochondria
  • Have a good oxygen supply
  • Suited to activities which require long term energy

Fat switch

Type IIa – Fast twitch

*Have a greater resistance to fatigue due to endurance training

  • Contract quickly
  • Give sharp powerful muscle contractions
  • Don’t use oxygen
  • Have fewer mitochondria
  • Suited to activities with burst of strength and power
  • Tire quickly

Type IIb – Fast twitch glycolic

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8
Q

Outline the 14 movement types at a synovial joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • adduction
  • pronation
  • supination
  • elevation
  • depression
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • dorsi flexion
  • plantar flexion
  • eversion
  • inversion
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9
Q

Outline the 14 movement types at a synovial joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • adduction
  • pronation
  • supination
  • elevation (the upward movement)
  • depression (a downward movement)
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • dorsi flexion
  • plantar flexion
  • eversion
  • inversion
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10
Q

Axis

A

A straight line in which an object rotates around.

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11
Q

Axes and planes of movement

A
  1. Sagittal axis - Passes horizontally from posterior to anterior
  2. Frontal plane
  3. Frontal axis – Horizontally left to right
  4. Sagittal movement
  5. Vertical axis – From inferior to superior
  6. Transverse plane
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12
Q

Isometric contraction

A

The muscle stays the SAME length, the muscle force balances resistance

  • Generally, no movement
  • Pushing against a fixed position

Example: Plank

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13
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

A CHANGE in muscle length due to the increase in load.

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14
Q

Concentric contraction

Part of Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle shortens
Decrease in angle joint
Pulls against gravity

Causes joint movement

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15
Q

Eccentric contraction

Part of Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle lengthens
Increase in muscle joint
Works with gravity

Controls joint movement

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16
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Is can be:

  1. Isokinetic concentric contraction
  2. Isokinetic eccentric contraction

It’s basically means the velocity of muscle contractions remains constant while the muscle length changes (can either shorten or lengthen)

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17
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing (antagonist) to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint (agonist).

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18
Q

DOMS

A

the pain and stiffness felt in muscles several hours to days after strenuous exercise. It is brought on by eccentric contractions.

It can be reduced by starting training at low intensity and gradually increasing it thus reducing the eccentric contractions. In addition to this warming up and cooling doesn’t is important.

19
Q

Scalar

A

A measurement that only has size

20
Q

Vector

A

A measurement that has both size and direction

21
Q

Force

A

A push or a pull

Displacement – Distance measured in a stated direction

22
Q

Speed

A

Maximum rate at which a person is able to move their body

23
Q

Velocity

A

Rate at which an object changes position

24
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity

25
Q

Momentum

A

mass x acceleration

26
Q

Impulse

A

force x time

27
Q

List 5 scalar and vector examples

A

scalar-

•	Length 
•	Mass
•	Area 
•	Volume 
•	Speed
•	Density 
- Pressure

vector -

•	Displacement 
•	Velocity 
•	Direction 
•	Acceleration
•	Momentum 
•	Force 
•	Impulse 
Weight
28
Q

Velocity time graph

A
  • if the line goes up it is constant acceleration
  • if the line is straight it is constant velocity
  • If the line is coming down it is deceleration
  • if the line is at 0 the object is a rest
29
Q

Distant time graphs

A
  • line goes up it is moving

- Line is flat it is stationary

30
Q

Center of mass

A

The point at which the body is balanced in all directions

31
Q

Explain how a change in body position can change the position of the center of mass

A

The scissor kick :

  • The center of mass is within the pelvic girdle and is within the body.
  • The action involves clearing the bar one leg at a time
  • Since the center of the mass is within the body it is more likely that the bar will be hit and the jump will be invalid

Frosbery Flop :

  • The center of mass in this jump is externally placed
  • The arch in the back allows the mass to be shifted to the outside of the body for a greater opportunity of clearance
  • The greater the arch of the back the lower the center of mass
32
Q

Fulcrum

A

The joint

33
Q

Resistance

A

Body part being moved

34
Q

Effort

A

Muscle pull at the muscle insertion

35
Q

Explain the three types of levers

A 
First class lever 
-	Fulcrum in the middle
Second class lever 
-	 Load is in the middle 
Third class lever 
-

Effort is in the middle

36
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

1) First law – Law of inertia

“An object will remain at rest or at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force”

37
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

1) Law of acceleration

“Acceleration depends on two things force and mass” (Force = mass x acceleration)

38
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

1) Third law – Law of reaction

“ Every action has an equal and opposite reaction”

39
Q

Moment of inertia

A

how difficult a body/ object is to rotate about an axis and is measured

40
Q

Angular velocity

A

ratio of the change in angular displacement and the time during which the change has occurred. The rate of which a body spins through an angle.

Angular velocity = angular displacement / time

41
Q

Angular momentum

A

the quantity of rotation

Angular momentum = inertia x angular velocity

42
Q

Explain the factors that affect projectile motion at take off or release

A

• height of release
1. the higher the release = the greater distance covered
2. the higher the release = the longer spent in the air
3. the higher the release = the longer the horizontal component will be acting
• angle of release
1. ideal angle of release is 45 degrees
2. the angle changes the relationship between the horizontal and vertical components of projectile
• speed of release (most influential)
1. speed is directly related to the distance
2. greater the speed = greater the distance
3. initial vertical velocity increases the height of the trajectory, creating a longer flight path
4. initial horizontal velocity will increase the length of flight time and distance

43
Q

Projectile

A

objects or athletes that are propelled through the air

44
Q

Bernoullis principle

A

The pressure difference around a ball causes it to spin.

Lower pressure is on the top of the ball where as high pressure is on the bottom of the ball.This causes a lift force.

Sports Science (13 decks)

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