Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sports Science > 1 - Muscular anatomy > Flashcards

1 - Muscular anatomy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sports Trivia flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones are in the human body

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The functions of the skeleton

A
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Support and maintenance of posture
  • Providing attachments points for muscles
  • Storage and release of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage and energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dynamic tissue

A

tissue that is constantly changing in response to activity levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Wolffs law

A

Muscle will adapt to the pressure placed on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the two types of skeleton, their purpose and what bones they include

A
  1. Axial skeletion

Purpose: To provide protection

Made up of:

  • Skulls
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Vertical column
  1. Appendicular skeleton

Purpose: To produce movement

Made up of:

  • Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals / Metacarpals / phalanges
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals / Metatarsals / phalanges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of the vertebrae column and each parts functions

A

Cervical - Are the smallest and have more movement than the thoracic and lumbar

Thoratic - Are less mobile as the ribs attach to the sides of each vertebra and therefore restrict movement

Lumbar - Are the biggest and strongest as they play a major role in weight bearing and therefore absorb high compression loads

Sarcal - transmit weight from the pelvis to the legs

Coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of bones

A
  1. Short - Small cubed shaped and are for stability and movement
  2. Long - Important for movement
  3. Flat - Provide protection and large surface areas for joints to hold onto
  4. Irregular - Have specialized shapes for specific functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The structure of a long bone

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Diaphysis
  3. Epiphysis
  • Articular cartilage
  • Spongy bone
  • Space containing bone marrow
  • Compact bone
  • Medullary cavity / marrow cavity
  • Bone marrow
  • Periosteum
  • Nutrient foreman
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epiphysis

A

Are the ends of the bone made from spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diaphysis

A

made up of compact bone and is solid and dense. Found in the outer layer of most bones. Important for protection and support and resists the stress being placed on long bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the end of the bone where they articulate with other bones to form joints. Main function of cartilage is to reduce friction between bones by absorbing shock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers areas that are NOT covered in cartilage, forming outer lining of bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Periosteum is important for:

A

⎫ Growth
⎫ Repair
⎫ Nutrition
⎫ Attachment of ligaments and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity

A

is the space within the diaphysis where the yellow bone marrow is stored.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Small opening in the diaphysis. Blood vessels pass through here, enter the medulla cavity and provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Location of bones using anatomical terminology

A

1) Inferior - Below or further away from the head
2) Superior - Above or nearer to the head
3) Distal - Further away from where a limb attaches to the body
4) Proximal - Nearer to where the limb attaches to the body
5) Posterior – Behind or nearer to the back
6) Anterior – In front or nearer to the front
7)

Internal – Located inside of further away from the surface

8) External – Located on or near the surface
9) Lateral – Further away from the midline of the body
10) Medial – Closer to the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of connective tissue:

A
  • Supporting and binding
  • Protecting
  • Insulating
  • Storing reserve fuel
  • Transporting substances around the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Joint

A

Where two or more bones articulate with each other

Main function: Increase mobility of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ligament

A

the connective tissue attaching bone to bone

20
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

21
Q

Joint stability is determined by…

A
  • Joint movement
  • Shape of the bones and whether they interlock or not
  • Flexibility of ligaments
  • Influence of other soft tissue structures
22
Q

The different types of joints

A

1) Fibrous

• Fixed / immovable

2) Cartilaginous

  • Semi-movable
  • Bones are separated by cartilage

3) Synovial

  • Freely movable
  • Most important for mobility
  • Most common
23
Q

Label a synovial joint

A 
Articular cartilage 
Synovial membrane 
Synovial fluid 
Bursea 
Meniscus 
Ligament 
Articular capsule
24
Q

Meniscus

A

a piece of cartilage that provides a cushion between the femur and tibia. It can be damaged or torn under pressure.

25
Q

Joint cavity

A

the space between the bones, contains synovial fluid

26
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth white layer that cover articulating surfaces of bones. Reduces friction, adsorbs shock and protects the bones.

27
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the capsule that secretes synovial fluid. Lubricates joint cavity, reduces friction and provides nutrients to cartilage.

28
Q

Bursae

A

Small fluid sacs found where two structures rub against each other. Provide lubrication.

29
Q

The types of synovial joints

A
  1. Gliding joints
    - Least amount of movement
    - Glide back and forth or slide to slide
    - Found between tarsal and carpal bones
  2. Hinge joints
    - Bend or straighten in ONE direction
    - Bones usually fit into each other, convex and concave
    - Found in the knee or elbow
  3. Pivot joint
    - One bone forms a ring and the other rolls around it.
    - Found in the radius and ulna
  4. Condyloid joint
    - Oval or egg shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface
    - Radius and carpal bones
  5. Saddle joint
    - Saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of the rider.
    - Between carpals and metacarpals
  6. Ball and socket joint
    - Sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone.
    - Shoulder joint
30
Q

Characteristics of general muscle tissue

A

Contractibility – able to contract

Extensibility – able to extent or stretch 

Elasticity – Resumes normal shape after being stretched 

Atrophy – Reduction in size of cell

Hypertrophy – Increase and growth in cell 

Controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries
31
Q

Types of muscle

A 
1)	Skeletal muscle
•	Voluntary control 
•	Strained appearance (alternating dark and light bands)
•	Tendons that attach mostly to bones
•	Main function: to move the skeleton

2) Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary control
• Strained appearance

3) Smooth muscle
• Involuntary control
• Not strained appearance
• Lines walls of blood vessels and organs

32
Q

Voluntary control

A

Have to think about it then the muscle does it

33
Q

Involuntary control

A

No conscious thought needed for the muscle to do it

34
Q

Striated

A

appearance of light and dark stripes.

35
Q

Functions of muscles:

A
  1. When skeletal muscles contract they exert force on tendons which then pull on the bones causing movement
  2. Muscles can move substances within the body. Muscles pump blood to all the tissues / food / help blood return to the heart.
  3. Stabilize and maintain body positions.
  4. Generate 85% of body heat.
36
Q

Skeletal muscle annotated

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Muscle fibre
  • Myofibril
  • Sacromere
  • Actin
  • Myosin
37
Q

Myofibril

A

A basic rod like unit of a muscle cell. They are made from repeated sections of sarcomeres which appear striated

38
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber. It is made from two main proteins – action and myosin- they are responsible for muscular contraction

39
Q

Label a sarcomere

A
  • I band
  • H zone
  • Actin
  • A band
  • M line
  • Myosin
  • Z line
40
Q

Fascia

A

Type of connective tissue located in or around bones and muscles, Made up of fibrous tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue and fluid

41
Q

There are three layers of fascia in each skeletal muscle:

A

Epimysium - outer layer that covers the entire muscle

Perimysium - surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

Endomysium - layer of fascia that surrounds the individual muscle fibers.

42
Q

What happens to the muscles when they exercise

A

Increased activity = hypertrophy due to increased number of myofibrils
When someone doesn’t exercise the number of myofibrils decrease and it will waste away or atrophy.
Hypertrophy - Increase in muscular size due to exercise

43
Q

Why muscles preform well

A

♣ Muscles have a good blood and nerve supply unlike ligaments and tendons.
♣ Rich network of capillaries which provide muscles with oxygen, nutrients, calcium and remove waste. This means muscles are good at repairing damage.

  • Nerves that bring the impulses from the CNS to the muscles are called motor neurons.
  • The neurons release neurotransmitters into the blood to stimulate muscle contraction+ force.
44
Q

Origin

A

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone. Doesn’t move during contraction

45
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment of muscle tendon to a movable bone. Moves during contraction.

46
Q

Name and label muscles in the anterior

A
  • deltoid
  • Pectorials
  • iliopsoas
  • sartorius
  • quadriceps
  • femoris (rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis)
  • tibialis anterior
  • abdominus rectus
  • external obliques
  • biceps brachii
47
Q

Name and label muscles in the anterior

A
  • trapezius
  • triceps brachii
    latissimus dorsi
  • gluteus maximus
  • hamstrings ( biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • erector spinae

Sports Science (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions