13 - Exercise And Immunity

Question 1

Function of the immune system

Answer 1

Protects the body from infectious disease. It’s involved in tissue repair and protection against potential pathogens

Question 2

Immune response

Answer 2

How the body recognizes and depends itself against foreign substances

Question 3

Pathogen

Answer 3

A foreign substance that causes disease

Question 4

Antigen

Answer 4

Substances, normal proteins, found on cells that the immune system tried to destroy by creating antigens

Question 5

Antibodies

Answer 5

A protein produced by the bodies immune system when it detects harmful substances called antigens

Question 6

Outline the following mechanisms the body uses in response to damage or an infectious agent

1st response

Answer 6

1. Innate immunity - the first natural defense system. The defense system out were being with.
   - Physical: skin, epithelial lining, mucosal secretions
   - Chemical: Ph of bodily fluids, hormones and other soluble solutions
   - Leucocytes: white blood cells that fight disease

Question 7

2nd response

Answer 7

2. Adaptive immunity
   - Inflammation
   - Clotting
   - Lymphocyte an antibody productions

Question 8

Lymphocyte

Answer 8

A type of blood cell.

There’s two types:

1. B cell
2. T cell

Question 9

B lymphocytes

Answer 9

Cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to a specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cell to destroy the antigen

Question 10

T lymphocytes

Answer 10

Attack antigens directly help control the immune response. They also create chemicals that control the entire immune system

Question 11

Phagocyte

Answer 11

Cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful forgone bacteria and kill it

Question 12

Phagocytosis

Answer 12

The process by which certain living cells called phagocytes I get other cells

Question 13

The two types of phagocytes

Answer 13

1. Neutrophils - a white blood cell that is one of the first cells to travel to the site of the infection they help fight infection by ingestion microorganisms and releasing enzymes that kill the microorganisms
2. Macrophages - a types of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms

Question 14

The process of phagocytosis

Answer 14

1. Recognition, following and attachment to the bacteria
   - pathogen ( bad guy) produces chemicals that attract phagocytes (good guy), then the pathogen molecular pattern fits the pattern of the phagocyte
2. Engulfment
   - extensions of the cytoplasm move around and eventually enclose the particle in a membrane surrounds by a phagocyte
3. Intercellular killing
   - once the cells inside the phagosome fuses with cytoplasmic lysosome forming a lysosome. The lysosome contains antibacterial molecules and enzymes that can kill and digest the microbe. Intercellular killing is accomplished through several mechanism including toxic reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen containing species any indigestible material is then removed exotosis.

Question 15

Describe the effects of intense long term training on the immune system

Answer 15

Intense exercise can cause tissue damage and so is accompanied by responses that are similar to those of an infection such as:

• increase in leucocytes
• inflammation

When training is high and prolonged there tends to be a decrease in image and adaptive immune function

• sustained increases in cortisol and adrenaline over long periods suppress the immune system
• leucocyte numbers drop compared to sedimentary people

Question 16

Discuss the relationship between exercise and susceptibility to infection

Answer 16

Athletes are more susceptible to infections than their sedentary peers because of:

• lower leucocyte numbers caused by the stress of exercise
• inflammation caused by muscle damage
• Greater exposure to airborne bacteria and viruses because of an increased rate and depth of breathing

The relationship between exercise intensity and susceptibility to disease can be seen as a J curve because an elite athlete has not only to be physically fit but also have an immune system able to withstand infections even during severe physiological and psychological
stress

Moderate exercise is associated with reduced susceptibility to infection

Question 17

Describe strategies for minimizing risk from infection among athletes

Answer 17

• have sufficient recovery time into training programs
• avoid close contact with people with infections
• maintain oral hygiene
• maintain hydration status
• Ensure water is pathogen free
• Maintain good personal hygiene
• Maintain a auditable and varied diet
• Ensure sufficient sleep

Question 18

Key points

Answer 18

• Exercise improves immunity
• moderate exercise = increase resistance
• prolonged exercise = decrease resistance

Question 19

Draw a J curve

Answer 19

• Risk on the left side

- Intensity of exercise on the bottom