6. Basic Memory Systems: Long-Term Flashcards
According to some researchers, is there a distinction between conscious vs unconscious memory? If so, what is it?
Yes
- conscious = explicit (e.g. episodic memory)
- unconscious = implicit (e.g. priming)
Tulving suggested that each of the 3 systems are associated with a different level of subjective awareness (‘consciousness’). What are they?
- procedural = anoetic (non-knowing)
- episodic = autonoetic (self-knowing)
- semantic = noetic (knowing)
encoding specificity
- effective retrieval depedns on the event to which the processing that occurs during retrieval reinstates processing that took place during encoding (i.e. state-dependency)
- e.g. knowing how to perform one operation does not qualify a surgeon to perform another
- task specificity relation?
procedural memory
- occurs when info that was encoded during a particular episode is subsequently expressed without conscious or deliberate recollection
- often demonstrated with
1. priming studies
2. fame judgement task
3. word fragment completion
procedural vs implicit memory
- both do NOT require consciousness
- distinguished in terms of their content
- procedural memory = unconscious ‘how’ system (e.g. how you ride a bike, how do you write a good abstract
- implicit memory = unconscious ‘what’ system (e.g. what item = associated with knife - fork, spoon)
episodic memory
- storage and retrieval of temporally dated, spatially located and personally experienced events or episodes
- e.g. I remember where I was when we landed on the moon
semantic memory
- storage and utlization of knowledge about words and concepts, their properties and interrelations
- e.g. I remember that the first moon landing happened on this day.
autonoetic level of processing
- involve self-awareness and a connection to personal experiences
- allows individuals to reflect on past events and mentally time travel, experiencing a sense of “self” in those memories
Everyday Example: Recalling a specific birthday party, where you remember not just the facts (anoetic), but also the emotions, people, and personal experiences associated with that event.
anoetic level of processing
- related to knowledge that lacks a specific conscious awareness or personal connection
- involves simple, factual information without a sense of personal experience or context.
Everyday Example: Remembering your home address or phone number without any associated emotions or personal experiences. It’s a straightforward, factual piece of information.
noetic level of processing
- related to a direct, immediate awareness or understanding. - involves a deep, intuitive knowing or comprehension of information without necessarily recalling specific details or personal experiences.
Everyday Example: When you suddenly understand a concept or grasp the meaning of something without being able to point to specific details. It’s a form of insight or understanding that doesn’t necessarily rely on conscious memory.
What is the relationship between episodic memory and imagination?
- seems to be strong relationship between pattern of activation associated with episodic memory and that used in imagination
- imagination reflects mental stimulation, with episodic memory as its basis
semantic memory - spreading activation
- activation in a semantic netowkr spreads from the node at which the search begins
- the more active a node is the more easily its info can be processed
- can be used to interpret the priming effects of words that are semantically related
What happens once an item from a category is presented?
it starts to activate related items
noetic consciousness and semantic memory: Tip of the Tongue
- knwoing that you know something without quite being able to recall it
- generic recall: ability to recall parts and attributes of a word without explicitly recalling the word itself
- e.g. first letter nb of syllables, or a word with similar meaning
- tends to occur more with age and under stress
- may recall the correct word much later, after effort to recall it has stopped
