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Cognition PSYC 364 > 1. Introduction > Flashcards

1. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition?

A

contrasts with
- personality: behavioural and internal dispositions
- neurology: low-level activity of cells
- sociality: interacting with others
- abnormal: atypical behaviour
in general, cognition means to think; understand, reason, pay attention, know, experience (e.g. see, smell, taste)

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2
Q

basic cognition

A
  • stable set of context - independent cognitive operations
  • consists of attention, working memory, long-term memory, categorization, judgement and decision-making. language
  • we ignore the social context
  • information processing
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3
Q

comparative cognition

A
  • stable set of context - independent cognitive operations
  • shared with non-human animals
  • assumed functional equivalence - all about functionality (e.g. attentional networks might differ, BUT they perform the same role in cognitive operations of multiple species
  • also referred to as cognitive ethology
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4
Q

situated cognition

A
  • context-dependent operations that are readily influenced by situational factors
  • social psychology labels can be deceptive
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5
Q

distributed cognition

A
  • cognitive operations performed by multilpe individuals or people/objects, separated by time and space
  • e.g. teams in the workplace, assistance from a computer on a given task
  • organizations want to know how to make better decisions
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6
Q

Broodbent’s filter model

A

theory based on idea that information processing is restricted by channel capacity (max amount of info that can be transmitted by an information processing device)

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7
Q

boundary areas of cognition: cognitive anthropology

A
  • how cognition differ from one culture to the next
  • what categories do we share
  • what do artifacts tell us about cognition
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8
Q

boundary areas of cognition: cognitive archeology

A
  • records might allow us to infer when cognitive capacities/processes developed over the course of our evolution
  • when did language emerge in the homosapien?
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9
Q

boundary areas of cognition: historimetric

A
  • historical info including biographies/publication records as primary or supplementary sources to support models of cognition
  • what makes genius?
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10
Q

endocast

A

see how the brain has changed over time - neocortex

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11
Q

philosophy

A
  • emphasized importance of the mind
  • differed in terms of whether mind was something separate from body, the extent to which the mind was active and whether we have complete awareness
  • it is speculative, it cannot be tested
  • “you don’t see the world as it truly is, only approximations”
  • main difference: psych has experiments, philo does not
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12
Q

physiology

A
  • human and animal bodies can be used to examine the role that parts play in the whole
  • psych emerges as a result of people examining the nature of neural communications
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13
Q

early physiological insights

A
  1. nerves carry signals and transmission tajes a finite amount of time
  2. functions can be localized and distributed
  3. not all signals are at the level of awareness - unconscious processing
    experimental evidence required a method to test the relationship between awareness and objective physical events
    we can now see when people have sensations that turn into perceptions
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14
Q

psychophysics

A
  • bridge between physical phenomena and mental events
  • subjective in nature
  • based on self-reports to quantify operations of a sensory transduction process
  • interested in identifying a difference threshold
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15
Q

JND - Just Noticeable Difference

A
  • difference threshold
  • point at which stimuli was perceived to change
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16
Q

introspection

A
  • father = Wilhelm Wundt
  • observing one’s own A + C as they seem to oneself - our perceptions
  • intuitive appeal - we seem to have some insight into cognitive processes
  • judgement needs to be simple, done quickly to decrease bias and attention deficits, as they are done over and over again to decrease variability
17
Q

appearance vs reality

A
  • we experience the world indirectly
  • light switch example (refer to page ___ of notebook)
  • we experience discrete, step like changes
18
Q

problems with introspection

A
  • requires that we know and how we know it
  • most mental processes are not cognitively penetrable
  • conscious reflection
19
Q

conscious reflection

A
  • arises when something is novel
  • driving the same road does not require the same amount of cognitive processing as driving to a new city
  • for language comprehension, we are not consciously thinking - we come up with probabilities of what the person means
20
Q

tropism

A
  • part of behaviourism
  • set of automatic responses made by planets, insects, and some animals
  • no inner mental state (will or consciousness) is required to produce a response
  • behaviourism suggests this is the best way to study the mind
21
Q

the Behaviourist black box

A
  • for the behaviourist, the mind’s content is UNIMPORTANT
  • don’t care about memory, attention, etc.
  • refer to notebook page ____
22
Q

tools of behaviourism

A

classical conditioning
- mapping unconditioned stimulys and response together
operant conditioning
- reinforcement of a voluntary B to obtain an SR mapping
experiemtns typically consist of using a subject, material and something to reinforce association
- e.g. Watson and Little Albert

23
Q

later behaviourism

A
  • problems were noted in SR approach
  • behaviourists began allowing chains of SR associations
  • e.g. see a book (stimulus) - activates memory of books being poorly written (response/stimulus) - activates memory of sleeping (response/stimulus) - become tired (response)
24
Q

(Re)birth of cognition

A
  • around the mid-50s (post-war)
  • foundations
  • brought together neo-behaviourist notion of intervening stimuli and responses and the desire to understand the internal workings of the mind
    1. philosophy
  • categories vs. syntax
    2. physiology and psychophysics
  • objective - subjective relationship
    3. behaviourism
  • associations and associative learning
    4. information theory
  • channel capacity
    5. (behavioural) economics
  • rational choice theory

Cognition PSYC 364 (24 decks)

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