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MSK > 6 - Anatomy of Arm & Brachial Plexus > Flashcards

6 - Anatomy of Arm & Brachial Plexus Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the arm found?

A

Between the shoulder and elbow joint

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2
Q

What is the part of the upper limb that is found between the elbow and the hand?

A

The forearm

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3
Q

What is the part of the humerus bone called where the head joins the shaft?

A

Anatomical neck

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4
Q

What is the part of the humerus bone called which is the most common place for a fracture?

A

Surgical neck

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5
Q

What are the names of the tubercles which are found close to the head of the humerus on its proximal end?

A

Greater and lesser tubercles

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6
Q

Which muscle attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Supraspinatus

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7
Q

Which muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis

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8
Q

What is found between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

The intertubercular sulcus (groove)

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9
Q

Which muscle runs through the intertubercular sulcus?

A

The long head of the biceps brachiallis tendon

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10
Q

Which muscles meet at the lower part of the intertubercular sulcus?

A

Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major

(A lady between two majors)

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11
Q

What part of the scapula does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

Glenoid cavity

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle attach on the humerus?

A

To the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral border

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15
Q

What is found on the posterior side of the humerus?

A

The radial groove (aka spiral groove)

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16
Q

What can be found running within the radial groove?

A
  • Radial nerve
  • Profunda brachii artery
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17
Q

What separates the humerus into top and bottom halves?

A

The spiral groove

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18
Q

Which muscles attach to the anterior part of the humeral shaft?

A

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

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19
Q

Which muscle attach to the posterior part of the humeral shaft?

A

Lateral head of triceps (above spiral groove), medial head of triceps and long head of triceps.

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20
Q

What are the names of the two articular surfaces of the distal humerus?

Together what are these called?

A

Capitulum
Trocholear

Humeral condyle

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21
Q

What does the capitulum articulate with?

A

The head of the radius

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22
Q

What does the trochlea articulate with?

A

The trochlear notch of the ulnar.

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23
Q

Which bumps are found either side of the condyle?

A

Lateral & medial epicondyle

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24
Q

What is the function of the epicondyles of the humerus?

A

They are a site where the muscles of the forearm can attach.

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25
Q

What is found above the condyle of the humerus on the anterior side?

A

The radial and coronoid fossae.

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26
Q

What is the function of the radial fossa?

A

It allows the radius to fit into the bone of the humerus when the forearm flexes at the elbow joint.

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27
Q

What is the function of coronoid fossa?

A

It allows the coronoid process of the ulnar to fit against the humerus when the forearm is flexed at the elbow joint.

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Which articular surface of the condyle extends to the posterior side of the humerus?

A

The trochlea - the capitulum does not extend to the back of the humerus.

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30
Q

Which fossa is found above the trochlea on the posterior side of the humerus?

A

The olecranon fossa

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the olecranon fossa?

A

It allows the olecranon process of the ulna to fit against the humerus when the arm is extended.

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32
Q

How many compartments of the arm are there?

What are they called?

A

Two compartments - anterior and posterior

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33
Q

What divides the arm into compartments?

A

Fascia which comes off the humerus laterally and travels around the arm as a deep fascia.

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

Which compartment is responsible for (a) flexion and (b) extension of the arm?

A

(a). Anterior

(b). Posterior

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36
Q

What is the name of the fascia which separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm?

A

Intermuscular septum - the arm has a lateral intermuscular septum and a medial intermuscular septum.

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37
Q

Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

Brachialis

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38
Q

What is the motor nerve supply of the anterior compartment?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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39
Q

Which spinal nerve roots innervate the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6 & C7

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40
Q

Which artery supplies the arm?

A

The brachial artery

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41
Q

How many heads does the biceps brachii have?

A

Two - the long head (attaching to supraglenoid fossa) and short head (attaches to coracoid process).

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42
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Flexion and supination of the forearm; fibers from the short head provide flexion of the upper arm, while fibers from the long head provide abduction of the upper arm.

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43
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

Flexion of the forearm, adduction and internal rotation of the upper arm.

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44
Q

What is the action of the brachialis muscle?

A

Flexion of the forearm

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45
Q

Which muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

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46
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps muscle?

A

Lateral, medial and long heads.

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47
Q

What does the triceps muscle attach to?

A

Origins:
Long head = infraglenoid tubercle
Medial head = posterior humeral shaft
Lateral head = posterior humeral shaft

Insertion:
Olecranon

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48
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii?

A

Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint

Long head crosses the glenohumeral joint - means this can extend and adduct the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

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49
Q
A
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50
Q

What does the axillary artery arise from?

A

The subclavian artery

51
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

At the outer edge of the 1st rib

52
Q

The axillary artery is divided into 3 parts by the ?.

What are these three parts called?

A

Divided into 3 parts by the pectoralis minor muscle.

First, second and third parts

53
Q

What does the axillary artery become? Where is this transition?

A

Becomes the brachial artery

At the lower border of teres major.

54
Q

Which compartment of the arm is the brachial artery found in?

A

The anterior compartment

55
Q

What does the brachial artery bifurcate into? And where?

A

The radial and ulnar arteries

Antecubital fossa

56
Q

Which branch of the brachial artery travels in the radial groove?

What travels alongside it?

A

Profunda brachii

Radial nerve

57
Q

What is the main branch of the brachial artery?

A

The profunda brachii

58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q

Why are joints often surrounded by anastomoses of the arteries?

A

So the arterial supply is not compromised during movement of the joint.

61
Q

What structures pass through the triangular interval?

A

The profunda brachii and the radial nerve

62
Q

Which veins produce superficial drainage to the arms.

A

Cephalic vein
Basilic vein

63
Q

Which vein provides anterior drainage to the arm?

A

Cephalic vein

64
Q

What does the cephalic vein join?

A

The axillary vein

65
Q

Which vein in the arm penetrates the deep fascia to become the axillary vein?

A

The basilic vein

66
Q

What does the axillary vein become?

A

The subclavian vein

67
Q

Which veins provide deep venous drainage to the arm?

A

The paired brachial veins

68
Q
A
69
Q

The cephalic vein remains superficial until where?

A

Until it reaches the axilla

70
Q

When does the basilica vein become deeper?

A

Halfway up the arm - joins the venae comitantes of the brachial artery at the lower border of teres major

71
Q

What is another name for the paired brachial veins?

A

The venae comitantes

72
Q

Which nerves supply the arm with motor innervation?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Radial nerve

73
Q

Which nerves supply the cutaneous sensation to the arm?

A

Medial cutaneous
Superior lateral cutaneous

(Also - inferior lateral and posterior cutaneous nerves)

74
Q

Which nerve supplies motor innervation to the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous

75
Q

Which nerve supplies motor inertia to the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial

76
Q

Which nerve do the medial and lateral cutaneous nerves arise from?

A

The axillary nerve

77
Q

Which nerves pass through the arm but dont innervate it?

A

The median and ulnar nerves

78
Q
A
79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

What are the four walls of the axilla called?

What is the top and base of the axilla called?

A

Walls = anterior, posterior, lateral and medial

Top = Inlet

Base = Outlet

82
Q

What are the boundaries of the inlet of the axilla?

A

Rib 1
Posterior clavicle
Superior border of scapula

83
Q

What are the boundaries of the outlet of the axilla?

A

Chest wall (medial)
Anterior axillary fold (lower border of pec major) - anterior
Posterior axillary fold (lat dorsi & teres major) - posterior

84
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior wall of the axilla

A
85
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Clavipectoral fascia

86
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Costal surface of scapula
Subscapularis
Latissimus dorsi & Teres major

87
Q

What are the boundaries of the medial wall of the axilla?

A

Ribs
Intercostal muscles
Serratus anterior

88
Q

What are the boundaries of the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

89
Q

What is the function of the posterior wall gateways?

A

Allow structures to pass from the front to the back of the arm

90
Q

What are the names of the posterior wall gateways?

A

Quadrangular space
Triangular space
Triangular interval

91
Q

Which posterior wall spaces are above teres major and which are below it?

A

Quadrangular space and triangular space are above

Triangular interval is below

92
Q

What structures pass through the quadrangular space?

A

The axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

93
Q

What structures pass through the triangular space?

A

The circumflex scapular artery and vein

94
Q

What structures pass through the triangular interval?

A

The radial nerve and the profunda brachii artery

95
Q
A
96
Q

Which artery passes through the axilla?

A

The axillary artery and its branches

97
Q

Which vein passes through the axilla?

A

The axillary vein and its tributaries

98
Q

What other structures are found in the axilla in addition to the axillary artery and the axillary vein?

A

The nerves (cords and branches) of the brachial plexus

Lymphatic vessels & nodes

Axillary process (tail) of the breast)

99
Q

Which muscles are located in the axilla?

A

The coracobrachialis (proximal part)

Short head of biceps brachii

100
Q

Which rami of which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

The anterior rami of C5 - T1

101
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

102
Q

Over which rib does the brachial plexus pass?

A

Rib 1

103
Q

Where are the cords and terminal branches of the brachial plexus found?

A

In the axilla

104
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

A somatic nerve plexus

105
Q

What are somatic nerves?

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system - they control voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

106
Q

Which is the most commonly fractured bone in the body?

A

The clavicle

107
Q

What do you need to consider if there is an fracture of the first rib?

A

Whether the brachial plexus has been affected.

108
Q

Name the stages starting with the anterior rami through the brachial plexus.

A

Anterior Rami (C5-T1)
Roots
Trunks
Divisions (Anterior and Posterior)
Cords (Lateral, Posterior and Medial)
Terminal branches

109
Q

Which parts of the brachial plexus are found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions

110
Q

Which parts of the brachial plexus are found in the axilla?

A

Cords
Terminal branches

111
Q
A
112
Q

Which roots make up the following:

Superior Trunk

Middle Trunk

Inferior Trunk

of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior = C5 & C6

Middle = C7

Inferior = C8 & T1

113
Q

Which trunk of the brachial plexus lies on Rib 1? Which artery is it posterior to?

A

Inferior trunk lies on Rib 1

Is posterior to the subclavian artery

114
Q

What does each trunk of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

Anterior and Posterior divisions

115
Q

What does the anterior divisions of the brachial plexus innervate??

A

The anterior compartment of the upper limb

116
Q

What does the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus innervate?

A

The posterior compartment of the upper limb

117
Q

The posterior divisions of the brachial plexus all combine - what do they form?

A

The posterior cord

118
Q

How do the anterior divisions of the brachial plexus join and what to they form?

A

The superior and middle anterior divisions join to form the lateral cord.

The inferior anterior division forms the medial cord.

119
Q

Which nerve roots innervate the following:
-Lateral cord
- Medial cord
- Posterior cord

A

Lateral cord = C5 - C7
Medial cord = C8 - T1
Poster cord = C5 - T1

120
Q

What nerves does the lateral cord give rise to?

A

Musculotaneous (C5-C7)
Median nerve (C5 - T1) - also innervated by the medial cord

121
Q

What nerves does the medial cord give rise to?

A

The median nerve (C5 - T1)
The ulnar nerve (C8 & T1)

122
Q

What nerves does the posterior cord give rise to?

A

The axillary nerve (C5 & C6)]
Radial nerve (C5-T1)

123
Q
A

MSK (21 decks)

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