4 - Principles of Articulation Flashcards
What type of joint has no movement at the interface?
Synarthroses
What type of joint allows slight movement at the interface?
Amphiarthroses
What type of joint allows free movement at the interface?
Diarthrosis
What are the major categories of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Which joint is created by dense connective tissue with no cavity and very limited movement?
Fibrous joints
Name 3 subcategories of fibrous joints
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
Where are sutures found? What is their purpose?
In the skull
The allow the baby to squeeze out the birth canal and then permit bone growth before ossifying in later life.
What does ossification of bone cause?
Synostoses
Which type of fibrous joint is exclusively connected by ligaments?
Syndesmosis
How do syndesmosis differ from sutures?
They have longer fibres connecting the two bones.
How do syndesmosis differ from sutures?
They have longer fibres connecting the two bones.
Most syndesmosis joints are synarthrotic (limited movement). Which two are the exception to this?
The interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius.
Also between the tibia and fibula.
Both of these have movement that is more amphiarthrotic.
What is the name of the peg & socket joint found exclusively in the mouth?
Gomphosis
How do gomphosis’ differ from sutures?
They have more connective tissue than is seen in a suture.
They cross a greater distance than sutures.
Connective tissue is in bundles (ligaments)
Slight movement is permitted = amphiarthrosis
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints in which the bones are linked by cartilage.
What are the types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses
Symphyses
What type of movement do synchondroses have?
They are synarthrotic joints
What type of cartilage is present in synchondroses?
Hyaline cartilage covers each bony end
Can you give an example of a synchondroses?
The epiphyseal junction in immature long bones
The joint between ribs and sternum
Where are symphyses found?
In the midline of the body
- manubrium & sternum junction
- intervertebral discs
- pubic symphysis
What type of cartilage is fond in symphyses?
The bones are covered in hyaline cartilage which rises into fibrocartilage
What type of movement is found in symphyses?
Amphiarthtrotic joints (slight movement at the interface)
What type of movement is seen in synovial joints?
Diarthroses - free movement at the interface
Do the bones touch in a synovial joint?
No - they never touch each other.
The joint capsule of the synovial joint consists of two layers - what are they?
Inner synovial membrane
Outer fibrous layer - attaches to the periosteum
What surrounds the long bone interfaces in a synovial joints?
Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
What does the inner synovial membrane do?
It produces synovial fluid
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Shock absorption
Lubrication
Nutrition
What are intracapsular ligaments?
They are accessory ligaments to the going - which are found within the joint capsule.
How are intracapsular ligaments separated from synovial fluid?
By folds in the synovial membrane.
Give an example of intracapsular ligaments.
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
What are extracapsular ligaments?
Accessory ligaments which lie outside the joint capsule.
Give an example of extracapsular ligaments.
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee.
What is the function of bursae by joints?
They are fluid filled sacs with synovial like membrane - they cushion movement between body parts.
What type of synovial joints are there?
Hinge
Pivot
Planar/ Gliding
Condyloid/Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball & socket
What is the shape of a hinge joint?
One bone has a cylindrical surface which fits into a trough like interface on the other bone.
What movement is permitted in a hinge joint?
Uni-axial plane movement (e.g. flexion and extension)
Give one example of a hinge joint.
Elbow
Which synovial joint involves the rounded surface of bone articulating with another bone by means of a ligament?
Pivot joint
What movement is seen in a pivot joint?
Uni-axial movement - circular rotation only.
What type of ligament is seen in a pivot joint?
An annular ligament
Give an example of a pivot joint.
C1 & C2 - where the dens slots into C1 - a transverse ligament goes around the anterior surface of the dens.
At the head of the radius from the promimal ulna.
What type of joint involves a completely flat bone interface, with non-axial and short movement?
Planar/gliding joint.
Give an example of a planar joint.
Intercarpals or intermetatarsal joints
Which joint involves a oval shaped bone with a complementary bone with a depression?
Condyloid / ellipsoid joint
What type of movement is seen in a condyloid joint?
Movement in every plane = multi-axial. Inc flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction.
Give an example of a condyloid joint?.
Metacarpal pharyngeal joints (knuckles)
What joint is the tumb? Which joint is it similar to, and how does it differ?
Thumb = saddle joint.
Similar to condyloi, but the concave bone has a corresponding convex bony interface.
Which joint has a completely round bone with a cup depression in the corresponding bone interface?
Ball and socket joint
What type of movement is seen in a ball and socket joint?
Multi-axial movement
Is the most freely moveable of the joints.
Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
Shoulder
Hip
What are the three components of the shoulder complex?
Acromioclavicular joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Is a synovial ball and socket joint
Where is the glenohumeral joint located?
Between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
Which is the most mobile joint in the body?
Glenohumeral joint
What deepens the glenoid fossa?
Glenoid labrum - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage
Which three ligaments stabilise the glenohumeral joint?
Glenohumeral
Coracohumeral
Transverse humeral
How many bursae are associated with the glenohumeral joint?
4
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Technically a synovial gliding joint - BUT - acts like pivot
Where is the acromioclavicular joint located?
Between the acromion and the clavicle
How can you differentiate injury to the acromoclavicular joint from injury to the rotator cuff?
The acromoioclavicular will have localised tenderness over the ACJ and the acromion itself.
Which ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromioclavicular
Coracoacromial
Coracoclavicular
Which ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament?
Conoid
Trapezoid ligaments
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial saddle joint
In the sternoclavicular joint - where does the medial clavicle fit?
Into a hollow between the supralateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
What divides this joint into two synovial cavities?
A fibrocartilaginous articular disc
Which ligaments reinforce the sternoclavicular joint?
Interclavicular
Anterior sternoclavicular
Posterior sternoclavicular
What movement is the sternoclavicular joint capable of?
Triaxial movement (passive)
