4 - Principles of Articulation

Question 1

What type of joint has no movement at the interface?

Answer 1

Synarthroses

Question 2

What type of joint allows slight movement at the interface?

Answer 2

Amphiarthroses

Question 3

What type of joint allows free movement at the interface?

Answer 3

Diarthrosis

Question 4

What are the major categories of joints?

Answer 4

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 5

Which joint is created by dense connective tissue with no cavity and very limited movement?

Answer 5

Fibrous joints

Question 6

Name 3 subcategories of fibrous joints

Answer 6

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

Question 7

Where are sutures found? What is their purpose?

Answer 7

In the skull

The allow the baby to squeeze out the birth canal and then permit bone growth before ossifying in later life.

Question 8

What does ossification of bone cause?

Answer 8

Synostoses

Question 9

Which type of fibrous joint is exclusively connected by ligaments?

Answer 9

Syndesmosis

Question 10

How do syndesmosis differ from sutures?

Answer 10

They have longer fibres connecting the two bones.

Question 11

How do syndesmosis differ from sutures?

Answer 11

They have longer fibres connecting the two bones.

Question 12

Most syndesmosis joints are synarthrotic (limited movement). Which two are the exception to this?

Answer 12

The interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius.

Also between the tibia and fibula.

Both of these have movement that is more amphiarthrotic.

Question 13

What is the name of the peg & socket joint found exclusively in the mouth?

Answer 13

Gomphosis

Question 14

How do gomphosis’ differ from sutures?

Answer 14

They have more connective tissue than is seen in a suture.

They cross a greater distance than sutures.

Connective tissue is in bundles (ligaments)

Slight movement is permitted = amphiarthrosis

Question 15

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 15

Joints in which the bones are linked by cartilage.

Question 16

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 16

Synchondroses
Symphyses

Question 17

What type of movement do synchondroses have?

Answer 17

They are synarthrotic joints

Question 18

What type of cartilage is present in synchondroses?

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage covers each bony end

Question 19

Can you give an example of a synchondroses?

Answer 19

The epiphyseal junction in immature long bones

The joint between ribs and sternum

Question 20

Where are symphyses found?

Answer 20

In the midline of the body
- manubrium & sternum junction
- intervertebral discs
- pubic symphysis

Question 21

What type of cartilage is fond in symphyses?

Answer 21

The bones are covered in hyaline cartilage which rises into fibrocartilage

Question 22

What type of movement is found in symphyses?

Answer 22

Amphiarthtrotic joints (slight movement at the interface)

Question 23

What type of movement is seen in synovial joints?

Answer 23

Diarthroses - free movement at the interface

Question 24

Do the bones touch in a synovial joint?

Answer 24

No - they never touch each other.

Question 25

The joint capsule of the synovial joint consists of two layers - what are they?

Answer 25

Inner synovial membrane Outer fibrous layer - attaches to the periosteum

Question 26

What surrounds the long bone interfaces in a synovial joints?

Answer 26

Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

Question 27

What does the inner synovial membrane do?

Answer 27

It produces synovial fluid

Question 28

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 28

Shock absorption Lubrication Nutrition

Question 29

What are intracapsular ligaments?

Answer 29

They are accessory ligaments to the going - which are found within the joint capsule.

Question 30

How are intracapsular ligaments separated from synovial fluid?

Answer 30

By folds in the synovial membrane.

Question 31

Give an example of intracapsular ligaments.

Answer 31

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee

Question 32

What are extracapsular ligaments?

Answer 32

Accessory ligaments which lie outside the joint capsule.

Question 33

Give an example of extracapsular ligaments.

Answer 33

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee.

Question 34

What is the function of bursae by joints?

Answer 34

They are fluid filled sacs with synovial like membrane - they cushion movement between body parts.

Question 35

What type of synovial joints are there?

Answer 35

Hinge Pivot Planar/ Gliding Condyloid/Ellipsoid Saddle Ball & socket

Question 36

What is the shape of a hinge joint?

Answer 36

One bone has a cylindrical surface which fits into a trough like interface on the other bone.

Question 37

What movement is permitted in a hinge joint?

Answer 37

Uni-axial plane movement (e.g. flexion and extension)

Question 38

Give one example of a hinge joint.

Answer 38

Elbow

Question 39

Which synovial joint involves the rounded surface of bone articulating with another bone by means of a ligament?

Answer 39

Pivot joint

Question 40

What movement is seen in a pivot joint?

Answer 40

Uni-axial movement - circular rotation only.

Question 41

What type of ligament is seen in a pivot joint?

Answer 41

An annular ligament

Question 42

Give an example of a pivot joint.

Answer 42

C1 & C2 - where the dens slots into C1 - a transverse ligament goes around the anterior surface of the dens. At the head of the radius from the promimal ulna.

Question 43

What type of joint involves a completely flat bone interface, with non-axial and short movement?

Answer 43

Planar/gliding joint.

Question 44

Give an example of a planar joint.

Answer 44

Intercarpals or intermetatarsal joints

Question 45

Which joint involves a oval shaped bone with a complementary bone with a depression?

Answer 45

Condyloid / ellipsoid joint

Question 46

What type of movement is seen in a condyloid joint?

Answer 46

Movement in every plane = multi-axial. Inc flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction.

Question 47

Give an example of a condyloid joint?.

Answer 47

Metacarpal pharyngeal joints (knuckles)

Question 48

What joint is the tumb? Which joint is it similar to, and how does it differ?

Answer 48

Thumb = saddle joint. Similar to condyloi, but the concave bone has a corresponding convex bony interface.

Question 49

Which joint has a completely round bone with a cup depression in the corresponding bone interface?

Answer 49

Ball and socket joint

Question 50

What type of movement is seen in a ball and socket joint?

Answer 50

Multi-axial movement Is the most freely moveable of the joints.

Question 51

Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

Answer 51

Shoulder Hip

Question 52

What are the three components of the shoulder complex?

Answer 52

Acromioclavicular joint Sternoclavicular joint Glenohumeral joint

Question 53

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 53

Is a synovial ball and socket joint

Question 54

Where is the glenohumeral joint located?

Answer 54

Between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)

Question 55

Which is the most mobile joint in the body?

Answer 55

Glenohumeral joint

Question 56

What deepens the glenoid fossa?

Answer 56

Glenoid labrum - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage

Question 57

Which three ligaments stabilise the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 57

Glenohumeral Coracohumeral Transverse humeral

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 59

How many bursae are associated with the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 59

4

Question 60

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 60

Technically a synovial gliding joint - BUT - acts like pivot

Question 61

Where is the acromioclavicular joint located?

Answer 61

Between the acromion and the clavicle

Question 62

How can you differentiate injury to the acromoclavicular joint from injury to the rotator cuff?

Answer 62

The acromoioclavicular will have localised tenderness over the ACJ and the acromion itself.

Question 63

Which ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 63

Acromioclavicular Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular

Question 64

Which ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament?

Answer 64

Conoid Trapezoid ligaments

Question 65

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 65

Synovial saddle joint

Question 66

In the sternoclavicular joint - where does the medial clavicle fit?

Answer 66

Into a hollow between the supralateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib

Question 67

What divides this joint into two synovial cavities?

Answer 67

A fibrocartilaginous articular disc

Question 68

Which ligaments reinforce the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 68

Interclavicular Anterior sternoclavicular Posterior sternoclavicular

Question 69

What movement is the sternoclavicular joint capable of?

Answer 69

Triaxial movement (passive)