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MSK > 18. Anatomy of the Leg and Foot > Flashcards

18. Anatomy of the Leg and Foot Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the two main joints of the leg?

A

Superior tibiofibular
Inferior Tibiofibular

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3
Q

What supports the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

Ligament of fibular head - has anterior and posterior

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4
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular?
What type of movement is permitted?

A

Synovial plane joint

Limited gliding movement allowed

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5
Q

What type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Fibrous syndesmosis - limited movement allowed

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6
Q

What supports the inferior tibiofibular joint in place?

A

Tibiofibular ligaments (anterior and posterior)
Inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament
Interosseous tibiofibular ligament

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7
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

A fibrous joint where the bones are bound together by ligaments or membrane

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8
Q

Which has more movement? The superior or inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Superior

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What is the name of the ankle joint?

A

The talocrural joint

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11
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Synovial hinge

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12
Q

What terms means that the toes point (a) up and (b) down?

A

(a). Dorsiflexion
(b). Plantarflexion

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13
Q

What ligaments support the talocrural joint?

A

Lateral ligaments of ankle (Anterior and posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular)
Medial ligaments of ankle (anterior and posteior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal & tibionavicular)

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14
Q

What type of joint is found betwen the tarsals?

A

Synovial joints
- Subtalar (i.e. talus & calcaneous) = Plane
- Transverse tarsal (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular) = Saddle joint

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15
Q

What is the name of the joint between the tarsals and metatarsals?

A

Tarsometatarsal joint

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16
Q

What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Synovial plane

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17
Q

What is another name for the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

Lisfranc joints

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18
Q

What is the name of the joint between the metatarsals and phalanges?

What type of joint is this?

A

Metatarsophalangeal joint

Synovial ellipsoid

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19
Q

What is the name of the joint between the phalanges?

What type of joint is this?

A

Interphalangeal joint

Synovial hinge uniaxial joint

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20
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21
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22
Q

What does the talus sit within in the foot?

A

The malleolar mortice

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23
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24
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25
Q

What type of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexors

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26
Q

Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Fibularis Tertius

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27
Q

What is the action of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

All - dorsiflex the foot

EDL & EHL - extend digits
TA - inverts foot at subtalar joint

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28
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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29
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)

Cutaneous = saphenous and lateral sural nerves

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30
Q

What does fibularis tertius contribute to in terms of movement?

A

Eversion of the foot as well as dorsiflexion

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31
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32
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33
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Evertors of the foot at the subtalar joint

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34
Q

Which two muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

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35
Q

Which retinaculum are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Superior Extensor Retinaculum
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum

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36
Q

What is another name for fibularis longus & brevis?

A

Peroneus longus & brevis

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37
Q

What is the blodo supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibular artery perforating branches

Does not have its own artery - instead uses perforating branches

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38
Q

What is the innervation to the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)

Cutaneous - lateral sural and sural nerves

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39
Q

Which artery does the fibular artery arise from?

A

The posterior tibial artery

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40
Q

What separates the lateral comparment from other compartments?

A

Intermuscular septa (anterior and posterior)

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41
Q

Which retinaculum is found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

The fibular retinacula

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42
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43
Q

Which nerve supplies the web space between the big toe and the second toe?

A

Deep fibular nerve

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44
Q

What is the innervation of fibularis longus?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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45
Q

What is the action of fibularis longus?

A

Eversion of foot
Plantarflexion of foot
Supports the arches of the foot

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46
Q

What is the innervation of fibularis brevis?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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47
Q

What is the function of fibularis brevis?

A

Eversion of the foot

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48
Q

What is the posterior compartment of the leg divided into?

A

Superficial and Deep compartments

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49
Q

Which muscles are found in the superior compartment of the posterior leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

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50
Q

Which muscles are found in the deep compartment of the posterior leg?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posteior
Popliteus

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51
Q

What separates the posterior compartment of the leg from other compartments?

A

Transverse intermuscular septum

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52
Q

What reticulum is found in the posterior compartment of the leg?

What passes underneath it?

A

Flexor retinaculum

Tarsal tunnel

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53
Q

What is the main function of the posterior compartment leg muscles?

A

Plantarflexion

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54
Q

Which muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg are responsible for flexion of the digits?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

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55
Q

Which muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg is also responsible for inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint?

A

Tibialis Posterior

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56
Q

What is another name for the subtalar joint?

A

Talocalcaneal joint

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57
Q

What gives blood supply to the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

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58
Q

What gives blood supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Fibular artery

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59
Q

Which nerves provides innervation to both the superficial and deep posterior compartments of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

Sural & saphenous nerves - cutaneous supply

60
Q

What percentage of the population do not have a plantaris muscle?

A

10%

61
Q

Which three muscles insert on the calcaneus to form the achilles tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

62
Q

Which muscles of the posterior leg compartment crosses the knee and can help to flex the knee joint?

A

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris

63
Q

Which muscle of the posterior leg makes up the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteus

64
Q

What separates the superficial and deep compartments of the posterior leg?

A

Transverse intermuscular septum

65
Q

What is the main function of the popliteus muscle?

A

Unlocks the knee & stabilises the knee joint

66
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

What is the innervation of Gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

68
Q

What is the function of gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot
Flexion of the knee

69
Q

What is the innervation of plantaris?

A

Tibial nerve

70
Q

What is the function of plantaris?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot
Flexion of the knee

71
Q

What is the innervation of soleus?

A

Tibial nerve

72
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot

73
Q

What is the innervation to popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve

74
Q

What is the action of the popliteus muscle?

A

Unlocks the knee joint (laterally rotates femur on a fixed tibia)

Stabilises the knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur)

75
Q

What is the innervation of flexor hallucis longus and brevis?

A

Tibial nerve

76
Q

What is the action of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexes the great toe

77
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes

78
Q

What is the innervation of tibialis posterior?

A

Tibial nerve

79
Q

What is the action of tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion and plantarflexion of the foot

Supports the medial arch of the foot during walking

80
Q

Which two muscles are found in the dorsum of the foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

81
Q

Which two muscles are found in the dorsum of the foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

82
Q

What is the innervation of muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep fibular nerve

83
Q

What is the innervation of muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep fibular nerve

84
Q

What is the cutaneous nerve supply to the dorsum of the foot?

A

Mostly superficial fibular - 2nd to 4th webspaces
1st webspace = deep fibular

85
Q

What does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

86
Q

What does the small saphenous vein arise from?

A

The lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch

87
Q

What does the great saphenous vein arise from?

A

Medial

88
Q

Which arteries arise from the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Arcuate artery
Lateral tarsal artery
Deep plantar artery

89
Q
A
90
Q

Where is the great saphenous vein found in relation to the medial malleolus?

A

Anterior

91
Q

Where is the small saphenous vein found in relation to the medial malleolus?

A

Posterior

92
Q
A
93
Q

What is the action of extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Extension of toes 2-4

94
Q

What is the action of extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Extension of metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

95
Q

What forms the most superficial layer of the plantar foot?

A

Plantar fascia and thickened plantar aponeurosis

96
Q

How is the plantar foot subdivided?

A

Into four muscle layers

97
Q

How is innervation of the plantar foot divided?

A

Into superficial (1st and 2nd layers) and deep (3rd and 4th) sections

98
Q

Which illness is important clinically that involves the plantar foot?

A

Plantar fasciitis

99
Q

Which muscles are found in the first layer of the plantar foot?

A

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi

100
Q

What is the blood supply to abductor hallucis?

A

Medial plantar artery

101
Q

What is the blood supply to flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral plantar artery

102
Q

Which muscles in the first layer of the plantar foot are innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

A

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis

103
Q

Which muscle in the first layer of the plantar foot is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve?

A

Abductor digiti minimi

104
Q

Which nerve do the medial and lateral plantar nerves arise from?

A

Tibial nerve in posterior leg

105
Q

What does the tibial nerve travel through before it divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves?

A

Plantar tunnel

106
Q

Which main artery in the posterior leg travels through the tarsal tunnel and divides into medial and lateral tarsal arteries?

A

Posterior tibial

107
Q

Which main artery in the posterior leg travels through the tarsal tunnel and divides into medial and lateral tarsal arteries?

A

Posterior tibial

108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q

What is the function of abductor hallucis?

A

Abduction and flexion of great toe

111
Q

What is the function of flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes at the PIP joint

112
Q

What is the function of flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes at the PIP joint

113
Q

What is the function of abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abducts the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

114
Q

Which muscles are found in the second layer of the plantar foot?

A

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals

115
Q

What is the action of quadratus plantae and the lumbricals?

A

Flexion of the digits

116
Q

What is the blood supply to the second layer of the plantar foot (quadrantus plantae and lumbricals)?

A

Lateral plantar artery

117
Q

What is the blood supply to the second layer of the plantar foot (quadrantus plantae and lumbricals)?

A

Lateral plantar artery

118
Q

What is the innervation of the second layer of the plantar foot (quadratus plantae and lumbricals?)

A

1st lumbrical = Medial plantar nerve
Quadratus plantae & 2-4th lumbricals = Lateral plantar nerve

119
Q
A
120
Q

Which muscles are found in the third layer of the plantar foot?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

121
Q

What is the blood supply to the flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis muscles in the third plantar layer of the foot?

A

Medial plantar artery

122
Q

What is the blood supply to flexor digiti minimi brevis in the third layer of the plantar foot?

A

Lateral plantar artery

123
Q

What is the innervation to the third layer of the plantar foot?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis = medial plantar nerve
Adductor hallucis & Flexor digiti minimi brevis = lateral plantar nerve

124
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the 3rd layers of the plantar foot?

A

Flexion of digit
Adduction of hallux

125
Q
A
126
Q

Which muscles are found in the fourth layer of the plantar foot?

A

Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei

127
Q

What are the functions of the planter and dorsal interossei?

A

PAD & DAB

Plantar - adduction
Dorsal - abduction

128
Q

What is the axis point for abduction of the toes?

A

Second toe

129
Q

Where are the interossei of the foot found?

A

In the webspaces

130
Q

Where are the interossei of the foot found?

A

In the webspaces

131
Q

What is the blood supply to the interossei of the foot?

A

Lateral plantar artery

132
Q

What is the innervation to the interossei of the foot?

A

Lateral plantar nerve
Deep fibular nerve (1st and 2nd dorsal interossei)

133
Q
A
134
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A

Longitudinal arches - medial and lateral
Transverse

135
Q

Which bones make up the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Talus (keystone)
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuniforms x3
Metatarsals 1-3

136
Q

Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsal V

137
Q

Which bones make up the transverse arch?

A

Cuboid, cuneiforms x3

138
Q

Why do we have arches in the foot?

A

Shock absorption
Adaption for uneven ground
Balance
Propulsion

139
Q

Which tendons provide dynamic support to the medial arch of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus

140
Q

Which tendons provide dynamic support to the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Fibularis longus
Tibialis posterior

141
Q

What is the difference between tendon support and ligament support in the foot?

A

Tendon support = dynamic support
Ligament support = passive support

142
Q

Which ligaments in the foot give passive support?

A

Plantar aponeurosis
Long & short plantar ligaments
Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament

143
Q
A
144
Q

What passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry

Tibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum Longus
Artery (posterior tibial)
Veins (venae commitantes)
Nerve (tibial)
flexor Hallucis Longus

MSK (21 decks)

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