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23 General Pathology > 6/27 - Diseases of Immune System > Flashcards

6/27 - Diseases of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what type of organs are tissues of the immune system

A

generative and peripheral organs

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2
Q

what are generative organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

what are the peripheral organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal tissues, and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

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4
Q

what is the function of MHC molecules

A

to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells

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5
Q

! T/F: MHC are proteins and its lower most unit are molecules

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Is T-cell recognition of antigens MHC restricted?

A

YES

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7
Q

how are MHCs deleterious to the pathogen

A
  1. virus-infected cells are killed
  2. macrophages are activated (to kill bacteria in their intracellular vesicles)
  3. B cells are activated (to produce antibodies that eliminate or neutralize extracellular pathogens)
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8
Q

T/F: even if a pathogen has mutated, it DOES NOT escape presentation by an MHC molecule

A

FALSE! it does escape MHC presentation

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9
Q

what properties of MHC make it difficult for pathogens to evade immune responses (what makes it special)

A
  1. polygenic
  2. polymorphic
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10
Q

what does it mean for an MHC to contain several different MHC class I and MHC class II genes, so that every individual possesses a set of MHC molecules with different ranges of peptide-binding specifities

A

polygenic

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11
Q

what does it mean for an MHC to have multiple variants of each gene within the population

A

polymorphic

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12
Q

what are the most polymorphic genes known

A

MHC genes

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13
Q

when is the only time cell surface proteins/MHCs are identical?

A

identical twins

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14
Q

what contributes to the diversity of MHC molecules expressed by an individual

A

polymophism an polygeny

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15
Q

polymorphism of MHC molecules is a critical importance in antigen recognition by ___

A

T cells

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16
Q

T cell recognizes antigen as a peptide bound by a particular allelic variant of an MHC molecule and will not recognize the same peptide bound to other MHC molecules. What is this behavior of T cells called?

A

MHC restriction

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17
Q

MHC are located on what chromosome in humans

A

chromosome 6

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18
Q

how many genes are contained in MHC

A

more than 200

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19
Q

what are MHC called in humans

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA genes)

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20
Q

where are MHC class I molecules found

A
  1. cell surface of all nucleated cells in vertebrates
  2. platelets (no nucleus)

exception: red blood cells

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21
Q

where are MHC class II molecules found

A

on professional antigen-presenting cells important in initiating immune response

(e.g. dentritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic cells, and B cells)

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22
Q

because of polygeny of MHC, every person expresses ___ different antigen-presenting MHC class I molecules and ___ MHC class II molecuels on his or her cells

A

at least 3 MHC class I
3 (or sometimes 4) MHC class II

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23
Q

what is the clinical significance of MHC molecules

A

typically involved in tissue transplatation - donor/host pairs not perfectly matched at HLA locus resulting in graft rejection

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24
Q

advances in immunosuppression and improved ability to match donor and host at the genetic level have resulted in a survival rate of ___ of most solid organ grafts ___ years post-transplant

A

> 80%, 5 years

25
Q

immune response interactions depend on what?

A
  1. cell-to-cell contact
  2. mediation by cytokines (secreted proteins)
26
Q

what are cytokines that mediate interactions between leukocytes

A

interleukins

27
Q

are interleukins soluble proteins

A

yes

28
Q

what are responsible for controlling the harmful effects of inflammation and tissue-damaging immune reactions (TNF for RA)

A

inhibiting cytokine

29
Q

majority of cytokines are ___ or ___. rarely are they ___

A

autocrine or paracrine

rarely endocrine

30
Q

B!

what type of signal occurs on same cell, adjacent cell, and far away?

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

31
Q

examples of autocrine hormones/cell signals

A

growth factors and cytokines

32
Q

examples of paracrine cell signals

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

33
Q

examples of endocrine cell signals

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body, ovaries, testes

34
Q

what principally produces cytokines of adaptive immunity

A

CD4+ T cells

35
Q

what is the function of adaptive immunity cytokines

A
  1. promote lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
  2. activate effector cells
36
Q

what are the cytokines of adaptive immunity

A

IL-2,4,5,7,17
IFN-gamma

these are some but there are more

37
Q

what is an abnormal tissue reaction causing tissue injury

A

hypersensitivity reactions

38
Q

what is the basis of pathology associated with immunologic diseases

A

hypersensitivity reactions

39
Q

what can elicit HS reactions

A

exogenous agents or endogenous self antigens

40
Q

dust, pollen, foods, drugs, microbes and various chemicals are examples of what

A

exogenous agents

41
Q

endogenous self antigens results in ___

A

autoimmunity

42
Q

what do HS reactions usually result from

A
  1. imbalance between effector mechanism of immune responses
  2. control mechanisms that limit these responses
43
Q

HS development is often associated with inheritance of what?

A

susceptibility genes

44
Q

T/F: mechanism of tissue injury are NOT the same as the effector mechanism of defense against infectious agents

A

FALSE! they are the same!

45
Q

what type of HS reactions are immune reactant/B cell and what type are cell mediated/T cells

A

I, II, + III = immune reactant
IV = cell mediated

46
Q

what are Type I HS reactions mediated by

A

antibody IgE and Mast cell

47
Q

what type of antigen for Type I HS

A

soluble antigen

48
Q

examples of Type I HS

A
  1. allergic rhinitis
  2. asthma
  3. systemic anaphylaxis
49
Q

explain Type I HS reaction

A
  1. IgE release of antibodies against soluble antigen
  2. results in mast cell degranulation
50
Q

what are WBC that play an important role in immune systems response to certain bacterial and parasitic infections

A

mast cells

51
Q

what do mast cells contain

A

mainly: histamine
also: cytokines, growth factors and heparin

52
Q

where are a majority of mast cells located

A

skin, lungs, and GI

53
Q

response to antigen in Type I HS occurs in what stages

A
  1. sensitization
  2. effect
54
Q

what occurs during sensitization stage of type I HS

A

host experiences asymptomatic contact w/ antigen

55
Q

what occurs during effect stage of type I HS reaction

A

pre-sensitized host is reintroduced to antigen which leads to type I reaction (anaphylactic or atopic diseases)

56
Q

clinical syndrome:
anaphylaxis (drugs, food, bee sting)

what is the clinical and pathologic manifestation?

A

fall in BP (shock) caused by vascular dilation; airway obstruction due to laryngeal edema

57
Q

clinical syndrome:
bronchial asthma

what is the clinical and pathologic manifestation?

A

airway obstruction cause by bronchial smooth ms. hyperactivity; inflammation and tissue injury cause by late-phase reaction

58
Q

clinical syndrome:
allergic rhinitis, sinusitis (hay fever)

what is the clinical and pathologic manifestation?

A

increased mucus secretion; inflammation of upper airway, sinuses

59
Q

clinical syndrome:
food allergies

what is the clinical and pathologic manifestation?

A

increases peristalsis due to contraction of intestinal muscles

23 General Pathology (24 decks)

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