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23 General Pathology > 6/22 - Diseases of Immune System > Flashcards

6/22 - Diseases of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what is vital for survival

A

immune system

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2
Q

what are 2 broad categories of mechanisms of defense against microbes

A
  1. innate immunity
  2. adaptive immunity
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3
Q

what are the classes of innate immunity

A
  1. epithelial barriers
  2. dendritic cells
  3. phagocytes
  4. NK cells
  5. complement cells
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4
Q

how many hours does it take for innate immunity to take place

A

6-12 hours

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5
Q

what cells are part of adaptive immunity

A

B and T lymphocytes

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6
Q

what immunity is always present, ready to provide defense against microbes and to eliminate damaged cells?

A

innate immunity

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7
Q

what component of innate immunity blocks entry of microbes

A

epithelial barriers

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8
Q

what component of innate immunity are mainly neutrophils and macrophages

A

phagocytic cells

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9
Q

what component of innate immunity is a phagocytic cell w/ dendrites

A

dendritic cells

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10
Q

in blood stream = ___
out of blood stream, in tissue = ___

A

monocytes; macrophages

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11
Q

NK cells are a type of what

A

type of lymphocytes

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12
Q

cells that participate in innate immunity can recognize ___ that are shared among related microbes and are often essential for infectivity

A

certain microbial components

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13
Q

what pattern recognition receptors recognize molecules

A
  1. plasma membrane receptors
  2. endosomal receptors
  3. cytosolic receptors
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14
Q

what receptors detect extracellular microbes

A

plasma membrane receptors

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15
Q

what receptors detect ingested microbes

A

endosomal receptors

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16
Q

what receptors detect microbes in the cytoplasm

A

cytosolic receptors

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17
Q

what are the classes of receptors in innate immunity

A
  1. toll-like receptors
  2. NOD-like receptors
  3. inflammasomes
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18
Q

what is the best known pattern recognition receptors

A

toll-like receptors

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19
Q

what receptors recognizes a different set of microbe molecule and is present on plasma membrane and endosomal vesicles?

A

toll-like receptors

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20
Q

NOD-like receptors are a type of what kind of pattern recognition receptors

A

cytosolic receptors

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21
Q

what receptors recognizes a wide variety of substances including products of necrotic cells (uric acid, released ATP disturbances (loss of K+), and some microbial products)

A

NOD-like receptors

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22
Q

what receptor activates caspase-1

A

inflammasome

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23
Q

inflammasomes activate ___ to generate ___

A

caspase-1 (caspase-1 cleaves a precursor form of cytokine IL-1) to generate active IL-1

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24
Q

activated ___ is a mediator if inflammation, and recruits ___ and induces ___

A

IL-1, leukocytes; fever

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25
Q

innate immune system provides host defense by what 2 main reactions

A
  1. inflammation
  2. provides signals that stimulate the subsequent more powerful adaptive immune response
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26
Q

B!

what is primary cell of defense in acute inflamation? chronic inflammation?

A

acute = neutrophils
chronic = lymphocytes

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27
Q

what immunity consists of lymphocytes and their products, including antibodies

A

adaptive immunity

28
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity

A
  1. humoral immunity
  2. cell-mediated or cellular immunity
29
Q

what immunity protects against extracellular microbes and their toxins

A

humoral immunity

“doesn’t fight physically -> spits and runs away”

30
Q

what type of immunity is responsible for defense against intracellular microbes

A

cell-mediated or cellular immunity

“takes inside and kills microbe”

31
Q

humoral immunity is mediated by what?

A

B (bone-marrow) lymphocytes AND their secreted products (antibodies)

32
Q

antibodies are also called what

A

immunoglobulins

33
Q

cellular immunity is mediated by what?

A

T (thymus-derived) lymphocytes (doesn’t produce product and is activated by receptors on cell)

34
Q

do lymphocytes express highly specific receptors for a wide variety of substances (antigens)?

A

YES

35
Q

T/F: lymphocytes and other cells of immune response are fixed in a particular tissue

A

FALSE! NOT fixed

36
Q

where do lymphocytes constantly circulate?

A

lymphoid and other tissues via blood and lymphatic circulation

37
Q

the constant circulation of lymphocytes promotes what?

A

immune surveillance

38
Q

are different classes of lymphocytes anatomically segregated in lymphoid organs? do they ever interact?

A

YES - anatomically segregated!

only interact when stimulated

39
Q

what are the types of lymphocytes

A
  1. naive lymphocytes
  2. effector lymphocytes
  3. memory lymphocytes
40
Q

what are mature lymphocytes that have not encountered an antigen for which they are specific

A

naive lymphocytes

41
Q

what are activated lymphocytes, after recognition of an antigen they eliminate microbes

A

effector lymphocytes (takes a couple of days)

42
Q

what are lymphocytes with a heightened level of awareness; react rapidly and strongly to combat microbes in case of reinfection

A

memory lymphocytes (doesn’t wait a couple of hours)

43
Q

T lymphocytes develop in ___ from ___ cells

A

thymus from hematopoietic stem cells

44
Q

mature T cells are found in where?

A

blood and T-cell zones of peripheral lymphoid organs

45
Q

what percent of blood is lymphocytes

A

60%-70%

46
Q

!

in the blood, are there more B or T cells?

A

T-cells

47
Q

each T-cell recognizes a specific cell-bound antigen thru what?

A

thru an antigen-specific TCR

48
Q

what are the 3 major populations of T cells

A
  1. helper T lymphocytes
  2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
  3. regulatory T lyphocytes
49
Q

what stimulates B lymphocytes to make antibodies and activate other leukocytes to destroy microbes?

A

helper T lymphocytes

50
Q

what lymphocytes kill infected cells w/ antigen presenting cells

A

cytotoxic T lyphocytes (CTL)

51
Q

what lymphocytes limit immune response and prevent reaction against self antigens

A

regulatory T-lymphocytes

52
Q

what T cells are most common? less common?

A

most common: CD4+ (60% mature T)
less common: CD8+ (30% mature T)

53
Q

what T cells produce cytokines and assist macrophages and B cells

A

CD4+

54
Q

since CD4+ produce CYTOKINES, what type of T cells are produced?

A

helper T cells

55
Q

CD4+ bind to what MHC displayed on antigens?

A

class II MHC

56
Q

what T-cell functions as cytotoxic cells to destroy host cells harboring microbes?

A

CD8+

57
Q

CD8+ binds to what MHC molecules that are displayed on?

A

class I MHC

58
Q

what produces antibody molecules, the mediators of humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

59
Q

b lymphocytes develop from precursors from where

A

bone marrow

60
Q

B-lymphocytes are ___% of circulating lymphocytes

A

10-20%

61
Q

B lyphocytes are present where?

A
  1. circulating lymphoid tissue (bone marrow)
  2. peripheral lymphoid tissue (e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)
62
Q

what are the steps of immune response

A
  1. antigen RECOGNITION
  2. ACTIVATION of specific lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate to effector and memory cells
  3. ELIMINATION of antigens
  4. DECLINE of response
  5. MEMORY cells being long-lived survivors
63
Q

what cells destroy irreversibly stressed and abnormal cells without prior exposure?

A

natural killer cells

kill: viral-infected cells, tumor cells

64
Q

NK cells make up ___% of peripheral blood lymphocytes

A

5-10%

65
Q

what cells are Lyse IgG coated target cells?

A

NK cells (antibody dependent cell mediated toxicity)

66
Q

T/F: NK cells secrete cytokines which activate macrophages

A

TRUE

23 General Pathology (24 decks)

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