11/2 - Lung Pathology Flashcards
what are vascular lung diseases
- pulmonary embolism and infarction
- pulmonary hypertension
Almost all large pulmonary artery thrombi are embolic in origin, usually arising from the _____
deep vein of the lower leg
risk factors of pulmonary embolism
- Prolonged bed rest or immobilization
- leg surgery
- Severe trauma
- Use of oral contraceptives
- Congestive heart failure
- Disseminated cancer
- Inherited forms of hypercoagulable states (Protein S & C deficiency etc. + Disseminated cancer)
60-80% of pulmonary emobli are what?
5% cause what?
remainder related to what?
60-80 = silent
5% cause acute cor pulmonale, shock, or death
Remainder cause symptoms related to ventilation-perfusion mismatch and/or pulmonary infarction, particularly dyspnea or chest pain
is risk of recurrence in pulmonary emoblism high or low
HIGH
what is defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than or equal to 25 mm Hg at rest
pulmonary hypertension
is pulmonary hypertension mostly IDIOPATHIC?
yes
what is pulmonary hypertension charaterized by
Increased vascular resistance
Blood vessel narrowing within the pulmonary vasculature
symptoms of pulmonar hypertension
Usually complicate those of underlying lung disease
right sided heart failure
treatment of pulmonary hypertension
If secondary to another disease, focus is on the treatment underlying disease
Calcium channel blockers
normal -> thickened -> occluded
what is invasion of lung tissues by disease-causing agent (mostly bacteria)
pneumonia
what causes exudative solidification of the (consolidation) of the pulmonary tissue
pneumonia (invasion of lung tissue by disease causing agent)
what are two subcategories of pneumonia
- Lobar pneumonia
- Bronchopneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
what is pneumonia classification based on
- specific organism
- clinical setting (if no pathogen can be identified)
branchopneumonia -> lobar pneumonia
how can pneumonia be acquired based on clinical setting
- Community-acquired
- Nosocomial (in hospital setting) Greek: “tending to the sick”
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Immunocompromised
what are types of infectious pneumonias
- bacterial infection pneumonia
- virus (AIDS, HIV) or fungal (peumocystis jiroveci) pneumonia: cell mediated defects
what is a cause of fungal pneumonia
pneumocystis jiroveci
Community Acquired
Hospital Acquired
types of lung carcinomas
- non-small cell carcinoma
- small cell carcinoma
what lung carcinoma has highest association with smokers
small cell carcinoma
what lung carcinoma is associated with squamous cell (more common in smokers) or adenocarcinoma (more common in non-smokers)
non-mall cell carcinoma
90% of lung cancers arise in ___ or recent quitters
active cigarette smokers
who is considered a heavy smoker
2 packs/day/20 yrs.
60X nonsmoker incidence
peak incidence of lung carcinoma
55-60 years
sex and survival of lung carcinoma
Sex: 2 Male: 1 female
Survival: all stages, all types combined
15% at 5 years; 5% at 10 years
At time of diagnosis, about 50% of lung cancershave already distant metastatic disease
what disease:
50% have history of asbestos exposure
25-40 yrs. latent period
Asbestos not used since 1960
malignant meseothelioma
is there direct link between smoking and mesothelioma
NO
is pleural tumor mesothelioma curable? survival rate?
Essentially incurable unless detected at limited
stage
Median survival 11 months
