6

Question 1

Philosophy

Answer 1

love of wisdom; investigation of nature of knowledge,

Question 2

Ancient Greek Philosophers:

Answer 2

1st scientists and pillars

Question 3

• Science

Answer 3

originated from philosophy
- Seeks objective truth through empiricism

Question 4

Science and Technology have limitations:

Answer 4

1. Can only predict or state possibilities
2. Cannot study theological issues

Question 5

Plato

Answer 5

(428-348 BCE)
• Theory of Forms
• Idealism and Essentialism

• Akademeia
o world’s first university founded in 387 BCE
located in northwestern Athens

Question 6

Aristotle

Answer 6

(385-323 BCE)
• deductive reasoning during Renaissance
• study of zoology

Question 7

Rene Descartes

Answer 7

(1596-1650)
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• major figure in 17th Century - Continental Rationalism (Cartesianism)
• major break with Aristotelianism and Scholasticism
• power doubt to discover truth

Question 8

David Hume

Answer 8

(1711-1776)
• 3 main figureheads of British Empiricism
• Bundle theory
• Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the
passions

Question 9

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Answer 9

• Deontological Moral Theory: rightness or wrongnes, not depend on consequences but on duty
• Reconciled rationalism and empiricism
• Categorical Imperative: supreme principle of morality

Question 10

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT OF THE HELLENISTIC AGE

Answer 10

(320- 30 BCE)
• Emerged after death of Alexander the Great

Question 11

Cynicism

Answer 11

• live in virtue
• Reject conventional needs (ex. power, sex, & wealth) with nature
• Deny norms and follow natural inclinations

Question 12

Cynics

Answer 12

o watchdog of humanity
o Evangelize, hound people such as greed

Question 13

3 Main Figures of Cynicism
ADC

Answer 13

1. Antisthenes
o Founder of cynicism
o Preached life of poverty, his teachings also covered language, dialogue, literature, and pure Ethics

2. Diogenes of Sinope
o cynicism to logical extremes
o biting satire
o Archetypal Cynic philosopher
** o self-sufficiency (autarkeia),
austerity (askēsis),
shamelessness (anaideia)**

3. Crates of Thebes
o Gave away large fortune
o Teacher of Zeno of Citium

Question 14

Epicureanism

Answer 14

• Epicurus
• sensations we experience are true
• Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
• Hedonism (pleasure and pain are important)

• Happiness/greatest good is to seek pleasures, freedom from fear (ataraxia), bodily pain (aponia)

Question 15

Stoicism

Answer 15

• Zeno of Citium
• Perfect Rationality: achieve moral goodness
• Virtue: highest good on Perfect Rationality
• Resign ourselves to Fate
• development of self-control
• Apatheia (equanimity): not disturbed by passions, pain, or emotions

Question 16

Ibn Sina or Avicenna

Answer 16

(980-1037)
• philosopher in Islamic tradition
• influential philosopher of pre-modern era
• religious exigencies of Muslim culture

Question 17

Francis Bacon

Answer 17

(1561-1626)
• importance of inductive reasoning combined with deductive reasoning

Question 18

Bertrand Russell

Answer 18

(1872-1970)
• exponent of Logicism (mathematics into logic)

Question 19

How Science is Done

Answer 19

1. Deductive Reasoning / Deduction
- by Aristotle
- obtaining specific statement
- Starts with theory
- Confirms hypothesis
- quantitative research
- If the premise is true, the conclusion must be true
Theory → Predictions → Experiment

2. Inductive Reasoning / Induction
- by Francis Bacon
- generating a generalized statement
- Starts with data
- Infers conclusion from data
- qualitative research
- If the premise is true, the conclusion is probably true
Observation → Generalizations → Paradigm

3. Abductive Reasoning

Question 20

FIELDS OF MODERN SCIENCE

Answer 20

1. Natural Sciences
   • Investigates natural phenomena
   • explain how things happen
   • Work is based empirical data
2. Physical Sciences: inorganic world

4 Broad Areas of Physical Sciences CAPE
1. Astronomy
2. Physics
3. Chemistry
4. Earth Sciences

3. Biological Sciences: organic world
4. Social Sciences
   • give insights on human behavior and societies

• Psychology: mind and behavior
• Sociology: human societies, interactions
• Anthropology: what makes us human
• Archaeology: ancient and recentbhuman
• Economics: production, distribution, and consumption
• History: chronological record of events

5. Formal Sciences
   • set of rules beforehand (priori statements)
   • Theorems (Ex. Math, Logic, & Statistics

Question 21

VALIDITY OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING

Answer 21

Verifiability Principle (Verificationism)
Vienna Circle (1907) and Berlin Circle (1920)
• If a principle cannot be supported by empirical evidence: meaningless
• discourages budding theories Falsifiability Principle (Falsificationism)
• Proposed by Karl Popper
• Scientific theories can be **tested and falsified by experimentation, ** but never logically verified
• As long as experiment is not false, it is accepted as prevailing explanation

Question 22

Eudaimonia

Answer 22

• good-spirited, human flourishing, prosperity

• Central to Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics:
- highest human good
- relation to virtues (aretē) and friendship (philia)
-
- **Virtue: between vices (extremes of action and character)
1. Intelligence and Scientific Knowledge
2. Practical Wisdom: deliberate well about what is good
3. Temperance: restraint to pleasurable activities
4. Generosity and Friendship
5. Courage: foolhardiness and cowardice
6. Contemplation: reflection on eternal truth; highest realization of happiness

o Philosophical Thinking: most fulfilling activity

Question 23

2 Kinds of Virtues

Answer 23

1. Intellectual Virtues: virtues of thought; arises from teaching
   (ex. episteme/scientific knowledge & phronesis/practical wisdom)
2. Moral Virtues: virtues of character; arises from practice or habit
   (ex. andreia/bravery & sôphrosune/temperance)

Question 24

self-actualization

Answer 24

• highest personal nee/ desire for fulfillment
  (Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

Question 25

2 Conditions to be Happy

Answer 25

1. virtuous
2. external goods
   o pleasure that we do bad things, account of the pain we abstain

• If you are virtuous, virtue is pleasant, and vice is painful.
• If you are not virtuous, then virtue is painful, and vice is pleasant.

Question 26

Technology

Answer 26

• Application of scientific knowledge
• Greek word techne (manufacturing and arts)
• Techne: part of poiesis (bringing forth) – concealment into reveal
• Poiesis is related to aletheia (truth)
• Neither a machine nor a process of production
• reveals the truth

Question 27

Martin Heidegger

Answer 27

• revealing of modern
• bringing-forth but rather challenging-forth

Question 28

Gestell (enframing):

Answer 28

removes essence of poiesis,

o practice meditative thinking rather than calculative thinking in his 1995 memorial address:
1. Calculative Thinking: numbers and categories
2. Meditative Thinking: elucidates, allowing nature to reveal itself to us

Question 29

Technology is

Answer 29

amoral (does not tell us what is morally right or wrong)
• Martin Heidegger: phenomenology and existentialism and ontology (philosophical study of being);
wrote The Questions Concerning Technology
1. Technology is not instrument. It is a way of revealing the truth
2. Technology is not controlled by humans. It is technology that controls human activities.
3. Technology is dangerous in a sense that it frames our thinking about the world.

Question 30

• S&T have its

Answer 30

limitations. looks for objective truths.

Question 31

From Empiricism (experience-based thinking) to Logicism:

Answer 31

[1] Ibn Sina ornAvicenna (980-1037)

[2] Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

[3] Russel Bertrand (1872-1970)