2 Flashcards
Dark Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
(500-1000 AD)
(1000 – 1300 AD)
(1300-1500 AD)
DARK AGES (500 – 1000 AD) 🙏
consists of 5 centuries
- Terrible political and economic turmoil
- Vikings and Saxons
- people cannot read and write except those members of the clergy
- Christian faith and bible
- limited access to scientific literature written in Greek
HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1300 AD)
- political stability
- renewal of large-
scale building . - Monasteries became wealthy and
- Regained political stability
(High Middle Ages) Christian Scholasticism emphasis on the Platonic
reasoning
“scholastics” or schoolmen defending dogma
- Oldest universities are also established during high middle ages
Oldest Universities
OCMPSV
Oxford 1167
Cambridge 1209
Montpellier 1220
Padua 1222
Sorbonne 1253
Valladolid 1292
- church began to
battle for political and intellectual control over these universities
Scholasticism
dominated the universities
Franciscans and Dominicans
LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 – 1500 AD)
Philosophers
- John Duns Scotus
world of faith had to be kept separated.
- William of Ockham
principle of parsimony: simple theory is more complex - Jean Buridan
theory of impetus: anticipated Newtonian laws of physics - Thomas Bradwardine
study of kinematics and velocity - Nicole Oresme
theory about heliocentric, light and color were related
Main Power Sources in technology of middle ages
➢ Water
➢ Animals
➢ Human
water mill flourished in Europe
was (middle ages)
the Norse Mill.
Norse Mill
drive a millstone
Vertical water mill
powered by a stream
Teutonic tribes (middle ages)
- people of Iron Age use iron plowshares
- spinning jenny or spinning wheel
- Waterpower was used to drive fulling stocks.
- A machine for spinning with one spindle, patented by James Hargreaves
in 1770 - Fulling mill
- Rope
- Barrel
- Leather
- Metal smith
Soap - decomposing animals or vegetable fats
- cleaning textile fabrics.
Georgius Agricola published
De re metallica
- techniques of shafting
3 forms of iron:
PCS
- pure iron – moderately hard;
red when hits 700 degrees Celsius -
bent into whatever shape
rot iron – moderately tough and
easily bent; loses any sharp edges
- cast iron – enormously strong;
liquid form, it cannot be bent - steel iron – small amount of carbon
dissolved
carbon –
distinguish three irons
bellows
furnace a strong blast of air
Blast furnace –
used for melting (lead or copper);
(series of pipes)
Warfare (middle ages)
Gunpowder – carbon and sulfur, invented in China, han song dynasty
made up of carbon, sulfur, saltpeter
Cannons – Christian war against Muslim in the 13th century
Other Notable Inventions
- Mechanical clock – oldest clock
- Artesian well (1126) - groundwater
- Wheelbarrow (1170s) - useful in construction,
- Mirrors (1180) - metal, bronze, tin or silver
- Spectacles (1280s) - convex lenses to help far- sighted.
concave lenses for near sighted
Alchemy
mixture of science, philosophy, and mysticism
- matter was composed of four elements:, earth, air, fire, and water
Common aims:
o Transmutation of base metal (lead) into
a nobel metal (gold)
o Creation of an elixir of immortality
o Creation of panacea to cure any diseases
o development of an Alkahest (universal
solvent)
Paracelsus –
added a third element salt to make trinity of alchemical elements
Mathematics
- Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci –
Hindu-Arabic numeral system; - Nicole Oresme – coordinates system before
- Nicholas of Cusa – infinitesimal
Art
- Oil painting
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) – study
anatomy to - Michelangelo – painter and sculpture of the
Italian renaissance
Compass
navigation
Nautical maps –
geography of the land
Impact of age of exploration
o explorers learned more about areas such
as Africa and America and brought back
that knowledge to Europe
o massive wealth because of the trade of
their goods, spices, and precious metals
o Methods of navigation
o Mapping improved
o New foods, plants, and animals were
used to exchange between the colonies
and Europe
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
- 1350 – 1600
- “Rebirth”
- Creativity, imagination and curiosity of exploration
MODERN AGES
- scientific revolution, 1543 - 1687
- Emergence of western technology
with instruments like:
o Telescope by Galileo for astronomy and
o Microscope for biology
o Steam engine
Mining and Metallurgy (modern ages)
- developed mineral resources
o copper
o zinc
o tin
o lead
o gold
• Agriculture (modern ages)
Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull (1674 –
1741)
Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg
- wood block printing in China
- extracted juices from fruits 🍎🍏
- need for publishing book information to many people at a faster rate
- accessible to individual who couldn’t write
- Gutenberg first printing book was Bible
• Astronomy
- Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
o Heliocentric Theory:
sun at the center of the universe
o De revolutionibus orbium coelestium: celestial sphere - Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601)
o data of astronomical bodies - Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)
o Earth move, but so does the sun
o “no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe”
Publishes 3 books in 1584 in his philosophy:
1. The Ash Wednesday Supper
2. Cause, Principle, and Unity
3. On the Infinite, the Universe, and
the Worlds - Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
o Three Laws of Planetary Motion
o foundation of modern optics
o intensity of light
o refracting telescope
o working of human eye
o calculation of areas
o volumes by infinitesimal technique
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1750 – 1900
Developments that occur in the industrial
revolution:
o Mass production of goods
o Development of factory production
o Migration of the rural people to urban
o Development of more capitalism
o Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
o Commitment to research and
development
o Investment in new technologies
Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
- Spinning mule
o It was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
o spinning jenny - Power loom
o Edmund Cartwright in 1785
o wove thread into cloth - Cotton gin
o Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
o raw cotton from
cotton seeds - Sewing machine
o Elias Howe in 1846
Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695)
o Elastic Collision Theory
o centripetal force
o correct laws of elastic collision
Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)
o “father of chemistry”
- scientific method
o boyle’s law
Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)
o chemical reactivity of oxygen
John Dalton (1766 – 1844)
o theory of atomism
- p1v1
- law of partial pressures
Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647)
o barometer (1643) air pressure
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)
o cannot be detected but exist
o Pascaline
Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)
o Cartesian Coordinate system
- I think therefore I am
o Father of Modern Philosophy
Steam engine
o Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712
o drains water
- integral of industrial revolution
Watt’s steam engine
o James Watt improve steam engine
“Puffing Devil”
o successful steam locomotive
o Richard Trevithick
o Oliver Evans constructed machines
use high pressure
Telegraph
o in 1837, william cooke and charles
wheatstone
Steam turbine
o Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
o energy of steam converted
- rapid circulated motion
Electric currents
o invented by Alessandro Volta
o Volta also discovered methane
electricity and magnetism
o Benjamin Franklin – lightning is a static
o Alessandro Volta – produce electric current
o Michael Faraday – in 1831, discovered elusive relationship
electricity and magnetism
coal gas
o William Murdock for illumination
Filament bulbs
o Thomas Edison
determine uses of electricity
Combustion engine
o 2 types of combustion engines
o combustion of fuel.
1. Internal combustion engines –
rely on explosive power of fuel within the engine to
produce work; it was invented
by Etienne Lenoir in 1859
– Nikolaus Otto – the
four-stroke internal-combustion
engine
2. External combustion engines –
working fluid that is
heated by fuel
medicine in Scientific revolution, modern ages
- Use of vegetable remedies
- Functions of the plant
andreas vesalius of belgium: modern anatomy
published the “fabric of the human body”
galileo galilei
father of the scientific method
Made spyglass
isaac newton
Three laws of motion
- principiabook
- Motion of gravity
- invented calculus
- theory of color
isaac newton
Three laws of motion
- principiabook
- Motion of gravity
- invented calculus
- theory of color
