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2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dark Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages

A

(500-1000 AD)
(1000 – 1300 AD)
(1300-1500 AD)

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2
Q

DARK AGES (500 – 1000 AD) 🙏

A

consists of 5 centuries

  • Terrible political and economic turmoil
  • Vikings and Saxons
  1. people cannot read and write except those members of the clergy
  2. Christian faith and bible
  3. limited access to scientific literature written in Greek
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3
Q

HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1300 AD)

A
  • political stability
  • renewal of large-
    scale building .
  • Monasteries became wealthy and
  • Regained political stability
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4
Q

(High Middle Ages) Christian Scholasticism emphasis on the Platonic
reasoning

A

“scholastics” or schoolmen defending dogma

  • Oldest universities are also established during high middle ages
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5
Q

Oldest Universities
OCMPSV

A

Oxford 1167
Cambridge 1209
Montpellier 1220
Padua 1222
Sorbonne 1253
Valladolid 1292

  • church began to
    battle for political and intellectual control over these universities
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6
Q

Scholasticism

A

dominated the universities

Franciscans and Dominicans

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7
Q

LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 – 1500 AD)

A

Philosophers
- John Duns Scotus
world of faith had to be kept separated.

  • William of Ockham
    principle of parsimony: simple theory is more complex
  • Jean Buridan
    theory of impetus: anticipated Newtonian laws of physics
  • Thomas Bradwardine
    study of kinematics and velocity
  • Nicole Oresme
    theory about heliocentric, light and color were related
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8
Q

Main Power Sources in technology of middle ages

A

➢ Water
➢ Animals
➢ Human

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9
Q

water mill flourished in Europe
was (middle ages)

A

the Norse Mill.

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10
Q

Norse Mill

A

drive a millstone

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11
Q

Vertical water mill

A

powered by a stream

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12
Q

Teutonic tribes (middle ages)

A
  • people of Iron Age use iron plowshares
  • spinning jenny or spinning wheel
  • Waterpower was used to drive fulling stocks.
  • A machine for spinning with one spindle, patented by James Hargreaves
    in 1770
  • Fulling mill
  • Rope
  • Barrel
  • Leather
  • Metal smith

Soap - decomposing animals or vegetable fats
- cleaning textile fabrics.

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13
Q

Georgius Agricola published

A

De re metallica
- techniques of shafting

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14
Q

3 forms of iron:
PCS

A
  1. pure iron – moderately hard;
    red when hits 700 degrees Celsius -
    bent into whatever shape

rot iron – moderately tough and
easily bent; loses any sharp edges

  1. cast iron – enormously strong;
    liquid form, it cannot be bent
  2. steel iron – small amount of carbon
    dissolved
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15
Q

carbon –

A

distinguish three irons

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16
Q

bellows

A

furnace a strong blast of air

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17
Q

Blast furnace –

A

used for melting (lead or copper);

(series of pipes)

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18
Q

Warfare (middle ages)

A

Gunpowder – carbon and sulfur, invented in China, han song dynasty
made up of carbon, sulfur, saltpeter

Cannons – Christian war against Muslim in the 13th century

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19
Q

Other Notable Inventions

A
  • Mechanical clock – oldest clock
  • Artesian well (1126) - groundwater
  • Wheelbarrow (1170s) - useful in construction,
  • Mirrors (1180) - metal, bronze, tin or silver
  • Spectacles (1280s) - convex lenses to help far- sighted.
    concave lenses for near sighted
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20
Q

Alchemy

A

mixture of science, philosophy, and mysticism
- matter was composed of four elements:, earth, air, fire, and water

Common aims:
o Transmutation of base metal (lead) into
a nobel metal (gold)
o Creation of an elixir of immortality
o Creation of panacea to cure any diseases
o development of an Alkahest (universal
solvent)

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21
Q

Paracelsus –

A

added a third element salt to make trinity of alchemical elements

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22
Q

Mathematics

A
  • Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci –
    Hindu-Arabic numeral system;
  • Nicole Oresme – coordinates system before
  • Nicholas of Cusa – infinitesimal
23
Q

Art

A
  • Oil painting
  • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) – study
    anatomy to
  • Michelangelo – painter and sculpture of the
    Italian renaissance
24
Q

Compass

A

navigation

25
Q

Nautical maps –

A

geography of the land

26
Q

Impact of age of exploration

A

o explorers learned more about areas such
as Africa and America and brought back
that knowledge to Europe
o massive wealth because of the trade of
their goods, spices, and precious metals
o Methods of navigation
o Mapping improved
o New foods, plants, and animals were
used to exchange between the colonies
and Europe

27
Q

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

A
  • 1350 – 1600
  • “Rebirth”
  • Creativity, imagination and curiosity of exploration
28
Q

MODERN AGES

A
  • scientific revolution, 1543 - 1687
  • Emergence of western technology

with instruments like:
o Telescope by Galileo for astronomy and

o Microscope for biology
o Steam engine

29
Q

Mining and Metallurgy (modern ages)

A
  • developed mineral resources
    o copper
    o zinc
    o tin
    o lead
    o gold
30
Q

• Agriculture (modern ages)

A

Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull (1674 –
1741)

31
Q

Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg

A
  • wood block printing in China
  • extracted juices from fruits 🍎🍏
  • need for publishing book information to many people at a faster rate
  • accessible to individual who couldn’t write
  • Gutenberg first printing book was Bible
32
Q

• Astronomy

A
  • Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
    o Heliocentric Theory:
    sun at the center of the universe
    o De revolutionibus orbium coelestium: celestial sphere
  • Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601)
    o data of astronomical bodies
  • Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)
    o Earth move, but so does the sun
    o “no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe”
    Publishes 3 books in 1584 in his philosophy:
    1. The Ash Wednesday Supper
    2. Cause, Principle, and Unity
    3. On the Infinite, the Universe, and
    the Worlds
  • Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
    o Three Laws of Planetary Motion
    o foundation of modern optics
    o intensity of light
    o refracting telescope
    o working of human eye
    o calculation of areas
    o volumes by infinitesimal technique
33
Q

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

1750 – 1900

Developments that occur in the industrial
revolution:
o Mass production of goods
o Development of factory production
o Migration of the rural people to urban
o Development of more capitalism
o Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
o Commitment to research and
development
o Investment in new technologies
Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

  • Spinning mule
    o It was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
    o spinning jenny
  • Power loom
    o Edmund Cartwright in 1785
    o wove thread into cloth
  • Cotton gin
    o Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
    o raw cotton from
    cotton seeds
  • Sewing machine
    o Elias Howe in 1846
34
Q

Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695)

A

o Elastic Collision Theory

o centripetal force
o correct laws of elastic collision

35
Q

Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)

A

o “father of chemistry”
- scientific method
o boyle’s law

36
Q

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)

A

o chemical reactivity of oxygen

37
Q

John Dalton (1766 – 1844)

A

o theory of atomism
- p1v1
- law of partial pressures

38
Q

Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647)

A

o barometer (1643) air pressure

39
Q

Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)

A

o cannot be detected but exist
o Pascaline

40
Q

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

A

o Cartesian Coordinate system
- I think therefore I am
o Father of Modern Philosophy

41
Q

Steam engine

A

o Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712
o drains water
- integral of industrial revolution

42
Q

Watt’s steam engine

A

o James Watt improve steam engine

43
Q

“Puffing Devil”

A

o successful steam locomotive

o Richard Trevithick
o Oliver Evans constructed machines
use high pressure

44
Q

Telegraph

A

o in 1837, william cooke and charles
wheatstone

45
Q

Steam turbine

A

o Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
o energy of steam converted
- rapid circulated motion

46
Q

Electric currents

A

o invented by Alessandro Volta
o Volta also discovered methane

47
Q

electricity and magnetism

A

o Benjamin Franklin – lightning is a static
o Alessandro Volta – produce electric current
o Michael Faraday – in 1831, discovered elusive relationship
electricity and magnetism

48
Q

coal gas

A

o William Murdock for illumination

49
Q

Filament bulbs

A

o Thomas Edison
determine uses of electricity

50
Q

Combustion engine

o 2 types of combustion engines

A

o combustion of fuel.
1. Internal combustion engines –
rely on explosive power of fuel within the engine to
produce work; it was invented
by Etienne Lenoir in 1859
– Nikolaus Otto – the
four-stroke internal-combustion
engine
2. External combustion engines –
working fluid that is
heated by fuel

51
Q

medicine in Scientific revolution, modern ages

A
  • Use of vegetable remedies
  • Functions of the plant

andreas vesalius of belgium: modern anatomy
published the “fabric of the human body”

52
Q

galileo galilei

A

father of the scientific method
Made spyglass

53
Q

isaac newton

A

Three laws of motion
- principiabook
- Motion of gravity
- invented calculus
- theory of color

54
Q

isaac newton

A

Three laws of motion
- principiabook
- Motion of gravity
- invented calculus
- theory of color

STS (10 decks)

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